Bryan2003Warof1812

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By Tayyab,John,Ben,Mike,Cristina

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Our Thesis   Neither side; not the Americans or the British claimed total victory of the War of 1812. However it was for better of the Canadians that they did not lose, for it would have been their independence which was lost.

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Historian’s Thesis   Canada won the war, or to put it more precisely did not lose, by successfully repulsing the armies that tried to invade and conquer British North America. -Pierre Berton (The Invasion of Canada 1812-1813)    Wesley Turner:- The war that both sides won.  

Causes of the War : 

Causes of the War Impressments Violation of American territorial waters Interference with American trade Blockade Indian attacks instigated by Britain.

Causes of the war according to W.W. Harney,USMC : 

Causes of the war according to W.W. Harney,USMC I. Maritime Issues A. Relation to French/British War B. Impressment 1. International Law 2. Abuses C. Interference with American Trade 1. Napoleon's Continental System 2. Orders-in-Council 3. Chesapeake Incident II. Economic Issues A. Embargo Act B. The Depression C. Other Steps and Results III. Political Issues A. The Indian Menace B. Territorial Expansionism C. Politics and Presidents

A Chronology of Events in the War of 1812: 

A Chronology of Events in the War of 1812 Year Political/Military Events 1807 December 22: Embargo Act passed by U.S. Congress stopping trade with Foreign Countries (repealed in 1808) 1809 March 4: James Madison becomes President of the United States 1811 September 30: Brock becomes Lt. Governor of Upper Canada October 12: Prevost becomes Governor-in-Chief and Commander of all British North American forces November 7: Battle of Tippecanoe where U.S. defeat Indians 1812 June: Baltimore Riots start against anti-war Federalists June 1: Madison’s recommendation to Congress to declare war June 19: U.S. President Madison declares war on Great Britain

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July 1: U.S. doubles Customs Duties July 12: U.S. General Hull invades Upper Canada at Sandwich across from Detroit July 17: British forces from Fort St. Joseph capture Fort Michilimackinac August 5: Battle of Brownstown August 15: Fort Dearborne massacre August 16: British forces under Brock capture Fort Detroit September: Baltimore Riots finish September 3: Indian attack at Pigeon Roost Creek September 4: Indians attack Fort Harrison September 5: Indians attack Fort Madison September 6: Indians attack Fort Wayne September 16: Americans fail in capturing bateaux convey at Toussiant Island of the St. Lawrence River September 21: Americans attack and capture village of Gananoque in the Thousand Islands area October 9: Two British schooners captured off Fort Erie

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September 9: British Fleet on lake Erie defeated and captured by U.S. under Perry October 5: British defeated at Moraviantown; Tecumseh (Battle of the Thames) November 3: Battle of Tallushatchee November 9: Battle of Talledga December 10: U.S. army abandons Fort George and burns town of Newark (Niagara-on-the-Lake) December 13: Drummond becomes Lt. Governor of Upper Canada December 18-19: British capture Fort Niagara in night attack; capture and burn Lewiston and surrounding villages December 31: British capture Blackrock 1814 January 22: Battle of Emuckfau January 24: Battle of Enotachopco March 27: Battle of Horseshoe Bend April 14: U.S. repeals embargo and non-importation laws April 25: Royal Navy extends blockade to New England

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May 6: British capture Oswego May 30: British blockade extended to include New England July 5: U.S. defeat British at Chippewa July 13: U.S. capture Fort Erie July 19: British capture La Prairie du Chien July 25: Battle of Lundy’s Lane- both sides claim victory July 25: U.S. troops burn St. David’s August 8: Peace negotiations begin in Ghent and Great Britain offers initial peace terms August 9: U.S. and Creek nation sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson August 13-14: British begin siege of Fort Erie August 24: British burn Washington September 13-14: Seige of Fort McHenry (Battle of Baltimore) –“Star Spangled Banner” is inspired by British mortars and rockets September 17: British assault fails against Fort Erie December 15: Hartford Convention-U.S. adopts additional internal taxes December 24: Treaty of Ghent signed to end war 1815 January 8: Battle of New Orleans February 8: News of Peace first arrives in North America

Sir Isaac Brock: 

Sir Isaac Brock Born on Oct.6 1769 Army officer and colonial administrator Became Lt. In 1790 When war was declared, Brock reinforced the Niagara frontier from York and went there himself The weakness of his force, caused him to use his natural impatience to take the offensive Brock`s decision to attack across the Detroit River on 16 August was bold. At Detroit, Brocks total force was about 1,300 men, of whom 400 were militia and 600 were Indians. His action at Detroit was criticized as being unduly rash. A relationship of mutual confidence and regard had been established between himself and Tecumseh. At Queenston, Brock-six feet two and a splendid target-fell to his death by an enemy sharpshooter. His personality was both attractive and compelling , and the memory if its combined with the dramatic success achieved during the brief four months of his war leadership and the manner of his death to make him warmly remembered as a Canadian hero. Died on Oct.13 1812

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This sheet features a map showing Lake Erie, the cities of Detroit, Sarnia (named after Guernsey), York (Toronto) and Queenston Heights. On the £1 stamp Sir Isaac Brock is shown on his horse Alfred. The 24p stamp depicts Brock shaking hands with Tecumseh before their joint attack on Detroit. At this meeting, Brock gave Tecumseh the red sash from his uniform, and Tecumseh in turn gave Brock his elaborately beaded belt. Brock was wearing Tecumseh's belt when he was killed in the battle of Queenston Heights.

Primary Sources: 

Primary Sources From the diary of Ely Playter, York Militia: "April 28th. Walked down to the back of the Town, met Young Debtlor who told me his father was dead, was wounded in the leg, had it cut off and died soon after. April 29th. At home packing up my things and hideing [sic] them. D. Brooks passed on his way to Kingston and many others also. An [American] officer and some men came to my house, broke the door and took many things away. We watched them til dark. April 30th. I went to the Garrison and signed my parole and got a pass. I spoke to General Dearborn of his men plundering my house. He said it was contrary to his orders. The appearance of the town and garrison were dismal, the latter shattered and rent by cannonballs and the explosions of the magazine, not a building but shows some marks on it. The town trhonged with the Yankees, many busy, the Council office with every window broke and pillaged of everything, the Government Building, the Block House and the buildings adjacent all burned to ashes."

Treaty of Ghent : 

Treaty of Ghent The treaty of Ghent was signed December 24th 1814. The treaty outlined the terms for peace between Britain and the United States. Of the eleven articles in the treaty, 3 often deal with war. The remaining 8 deal merely with land division and borders.Setting most of the land borders back to the peace treaty of 1783. New borders were also set to be surveyed and drawn up. As well as late division.

Articles of War: 

Articles of War Universal peace between Britain and the U.S. and all their colonies and territories. End of all hostilities. Immediately after ratification, orders to be sent to every squadron, armoire, officers etc… to end all hostilities. All pows land and sea shall be rosined when it is practicable after ratification.

Articles of Land: 

Articles of Land All islands and lord returned as they were at the signing of the treaty of peace in 1783. Commissioners to clarify borders around areas where borders are unclear. Division of the Great Lakes finalized. Final articles moving towards abolishment of slavery. Strange article for peace treaty.

Military Expenses and Soldiers: 

Military Expenses and Soldiers

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The Course of the War     1812   -War was declared on June 18, 1812 -Madison later discovered how unprepared American troops were -The “war hawks’” high hopes were diminished when they realized Canada was not going down without a fight -The American forces of 2500 were lead by General William Hull -They surrendered in August 1812 at Detroit to only 300 troops -These troops were under Canadian Sir Isaac Brock -This surrender was due to the largely untrained, unequipped, and unarmed American militia who were not ready to fight -On the Niagara River, an American expedition revolted post a ‘successful’ attack on Queenston Heights -Stephen Van Rensselaer’s militia would not cross New York state boundary  

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1813 -The British reasserted their superiority on the sea with the Chesapeake, under Captain James Lawrence -They accepted a challenge from the Shannon and were quickly defeated -The majority of American ships were captured or contained in harbor for the duration of the war -The Native Allies of the British varied greatly from battle to battle -Their guerilla warfare tactics worked well against the Americans -In January, at the Raisin River, British troops were victorious -With the defeat, American Captain Oliver Perry on Lake Erie in September, allowed General William Henry Harrison to advance against the British -They burned Detroit and withdrew to Canada -Harrison pursued and won in the battle at the Thames River, in which Tecumseh, the Native American chief was killed  

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1814 -The beginning of the year looked promising for the British -There was no guarantee of future supplies for the Americans due to the lack of Government finances -New England, which was never involved in the war, became hostile towards the American’s and sent funds and supplies only to the British -In July, the American forces along the Niagara River, controlled their own actions at Chippewa and Lundy’s Lane -Then Sir George Prevost led a large army into New York down the west side of Lake Champlain and threatened the Hudson valley -When his other fleet was defeated near Plattsburg in September, by Captain Thomas Macdonough, he was forced back to Canada -In August a British expedition to Chesapeake Bay won victory at Bladensburg and took Washington -They succeeded by burning the Capital and the White House -However, the British were halted at Fort McHenry prior to reaching Baltimore

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Interesting Facts   -United States made many disappointing errors in the war -They needed to attack Montreal or Quebec in order to cut off scattered settlements of Upper Canada from the support of the British Navy’s base at Halifax if they really wanted to win the war, but they didn’t! -This would have required support of state officials and citizens of New York and New England states -In April of 1812, Massachusetts elected anti-war Governor, Federalist Caleb Strong -New Englanders didn’t send funds to the U.S. but did to Britain -The farmers also sold supplies to the British army

Conclusion : 

Conclusion The war of 1812 was of great significance to Canada as an independent nation. Had the United States been successful in their mission it is quite possible that Canada would not have become a separate country from Britain. We just might have become the 51th state of America.