010331 SMP ONE

Saturday Morning Physics - Accelerators: 

Saturday Morning Physics - Accelerators Accelerators What’s Up Now? What’s Up Next?

But First ...: 

But First ... A little about me … finley@fnal.gov A little about you … Linda Spentzouris’ Survey ...

Behind the ...: 

Behind the ...

Behind the ...: 

Behind the ... www.fnal.gov (not likely on www.VH1.com) Your Host: David Finley finley@fnal.gov Fermilab Accelerators SCIENCE SHOW AIRS: SAT 3/31 at 9am CT

Behind the ...: 

Behind the ... www.fnal.gov (not likely on www.VH1.com) Your Host: David Finley finley@fnal.gov Fermilab Accelerators SCIENCE SHOW AIRS: SAT 3/31 at 9am CT

A little about me …Behind the Scientist: 

A little about me … Behind the Scientist High School St. Lawrence Seminary Mt. Calvary, Wisconsin College: Purdue Physics: BS, MS, PhD US Army Officer 72-74 Washington DC Harry Diamond Labs Research Associate (PhD) High Energy Physics SUNY Stony Brook NY Fermilab (4/1/81 to now) Switchyard Beam Lines Tevatron … Collider Beams Division Future Accelerator R&D 1/20/01 First SMP Lecture

A little about you …Linda Spentzouris’ Survey: 

A little about you … Linda Spentzouris’ Survey Y N: Been to Fermilab (before SMP)? Y N: Have studied physics? Y N: Have studied chemistry? Y N: Have studied biology? Y N: Planning a career in physics? Last two weeks (or ever) Y N: Hear about particles? Y N: Relativity? Y N: Different Forces? Y N: Know about accelerators? Y N: Use the web? Y N: Have email?

Accelerators: 

Accelerators Accelerators (Particle Accelerators) today: particle beams for particle physics research mostly use electrons and protons and antiprotons and positrons, and mesons and neutrinos ... not today: materials, medical, military (aka 3M), etc Why do this? A “few words about” Acceleration

Slide9: 

Insert Ernie’s “Science at Fermilab”

References (based on Linda Spentzouris’s List): 

References (based on Linda Spentzouris’s List) David Griffiths Introduction to Elementary Particles” ISBN 0-471-60386-4 Ernie Malamud www-bd.fnal.gov/public/index.html malamud@fnal.gov David Finley finley@fnal.gov Particle Accelerator Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (McGraw-Hill) Feynman, Leighton, Sands “The Feynman Lectures on Physics” ISBN 0-201-02116-1 Lawrence Berkeley National Lab http://ParticleAdventure.org/

Accelerators - What are they good for?: 

Accelerators - What are they good for? Why do this? This = “particle physics” Q1: What’s it all made of? Q2: How does it all behave? Q3: How do particles come by their mass? Q4: How is it that we see more matter than antimatter? And … Q4++ So, how is it all distributed anyway? Etc etc

Slide12: 

malamud@fnal.gov

Slide13: 

malamud@fnal.gov

Standard Model: 

Standard Model Insert Ernie’s “Standard Model”

Fermilab’s Role (so far): 

Fermilab’s Role (so far) Fermilab has aided in the discovery of the: bottom quark (1977) top quark (1995) tau neutrino (2000) Provided by Linda Spentzouris

Accelerators: 

Accelerators Accelerators (Particle Accelerators) today: particle beams for particle physics research mostly use electrons and protons and antiprotons and positrons, and mesons and neutrinos ... not today: materials, medical, military (aka 3M), etc Why do this? Accelerator Basics <<< We Are Here

Accelerator Basics: 

Accelerator Basics A Little from Maxwell, Newton, Lorentz >> F = e E and F = q (v/c) x B >> F = dp/dt and p = m v A Little Relativity >> m = m0 / sqrt (1 - b2) with b = v/c >> E = m0 + Kinetic Energy and E = m c2 And Murphy’s Law

Electric Force: 

Electric Force Insert Linda’s “Electric Force”

Magnetic Force: 

Magnetic Force Insert Linda’s “Magnetic Force”

Saturday Morning Physics - Accelerators: 

Saturday Morning Physics - Accelerators Accelerators What’s Up Now? <<< We Are Here. What’s Up Next?

Accelerators - What’s Up Now?: 

Accelerators - What’s Up Now? What’s Up Now? Concentrate on Fermilab Other Places Equipment Pictures

HiRise and Tevatron: 

HiRise and Tevatron Insert 93-683-9 “HiRise and Tevatron”

Overheard on the 15th Floor - 1: 

Overheard on the 15th Floor - 1 So, if you look over there, you see a big orange building. That’s where CDF is located. Collider Detector at Fermilab. And on a really clear day you can see the Hancock building in Chicago over there. And directly opposite us over there is a blue building where the D-Zero detector is located. The Tevatron accelerator is located about 20 feet under the berm you see. We send the proton beam around the 6 kilometers of the Tevatron. It’s inside a 7 cm diameter beam pipe with all the air removed. Otherwise the air molecules would eat up all the protons. The beam pipe goes though about 1000 superconducting magnets. The magnets have two jobs. Some of them keep the protons focussed so they don’t wander off the central path. And the others bend the central path around in a circle so the beam keeps passing through the accelerating stations.

Overheard on the 15th Floor - 2: 

Overheard on the 15th Floor - 2 Over there to the right is where the accelerating stations are located. They provide electric fields which are carefully timed to push the protons along to a higher energy. We use the same technology that radar is based on. For the rf in the Tevatron, the electric field flips its sign about 53 million times a second. So you have to be pretty careful with the timing. The beam goes around the 6 kilometers about 50,000 times a second. (47,713 if you are picky about numbers.) Every second! With an energy of about one trillion volts, or 1 TeV. That’s the highest energy particle beam in the world. And will be until about 2005 when CERN starts up the LHC with its 7 TeV proton beams. In the Tevatron, a bunch of protons is about 40 microns in diameter at CDF or D-Zero. That’s about the diameter of your hair. And a meter or so long.

Overheard on the 15th Floor - 3: 

Overheard on the 15th Floor - 3 There are about 100 billion protons in a bunch. And we collide it with an antiproton bunch going the opposite direction. About 50,000 times a second. An antiproton bunch looks pretty much the same as the proton bunch, but there are fewer antiprotons. So we collide these things that are about the size of your hair, and they are going at about the speed of light. You’ll have to trust me. Antiprotons are antimatter. But, unlike Star Trek, we don’t just talk about it, we actually make antimatter and use it. For particle physics research. When the bunches pass though one another, a few of the protons and antiprotons interact with one another. These matter / antimatter interactions convert some of the energy to mass. Remember E=mc2? That’s what really happens. Right over there and there.

Overheard on the 15th Floor - 4: 

Overheard on the 15th Floor - 4 And sometimes, not very often, an interaction converts the energy to mass in the form of a top quark. And an anti-top quark. Made right here at Fermilab in the Tevatron. And detected right over there in those orange and blue buildings. But we really use 6 bunches distributed around the Tevatron. At least back in the 90’s, we did. For the new millenium, the intention is to start using about 100 bunches in each beam. That way we can have more collisions per second, but not many more interactions per bunch crossing. Too many interactions per crossing makes it hard on CDF and D-Zero. And it really works. And when you get this complex running, you run it 24/7. And pretty much 365. For several years. And I’ve been here for 26 years, and it still amazes me.

Blast of an Interaction: 

Blast of an Interaction Insert Ernie’s “Blast of an interaction”

CDF (Collider Detector at Fermilab): 

CDF (Collider Detector at Fermilab)

Low Energy Links in Accelerator Chain: 

Low Energy Links in Accelerator Chain

Machine Numbers: 

Machine Numbers Insert Linda’s “Machine, Cycle Time etc Numbers”

Accelerators - What’s Up Now?: 

Accelerators - What’s Up Now? What’s Up Now? Concentrate on Fermilab Other Places <<< We Are Here What does some of the equipment look like?

Slide34: 

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne

RHIC at Brookhaven, Long Island: 

RHIC at Brookhaven, Long Island Insert Ernie’s “RHIC Press release”

End view of STAR at RHIC: 

End view of STAR at RHIC RHIC collides beams made of gold atoms The fuzz represents the particles created from the energy of the gold beams This is the view along the beam line

Side View of STAR at RHIC: 

Side View of STAR at RHIC Same as previous slide but seen from the side

CERN: 

CERN The CERN accelerator is 26 kilometers in circumference Near Geneva on the Swiss / French Border The LHC will collide two 7 TeV proton beams starting in about 2006 or so LEP (Large Electron Positron collider) turned off in 2000 with a “hint of a Higgs” … no discovery.

DESY (Deutches Elektronen-Synchrotorn): 

DESY (Deutches Elektronen-Synchrotorn) The HERA accelerator is about 6.2 km in circumference Partly under the town of Hamburg, Germany HERA collides electron beams with proton beams HERA’s superconducting magnets are very similar to those in the Tevatron

Accelerators - What’s Up Now?: 

Accelerators - What’s Up Now? What’s Up Now? Concentrate on Fermilab Other Places Equipment Pictures <<< We Are Here

Main Injector Dipole Magnet: 

Main Injector Dipole Magnet

Slide42: 

This is the lower half of a Main Injector Dipole. The racetrack-shaped copper coil wraps around the pole and inside the return yoke.

Slide43: 

This is the Tevatron tunnel.

Three Magnets … Three Purposes: 

Three Magnets … Three Purposes Quadrupole Dipole Sextupole Dipole deflects all particles the same onto the closed orbit. Quadrupole focuses particles towards the closed orbit in one plane … and defocuses in the other plane. Sextupole is used to focus off-energy particles harder than on-energy particles.

Slide45: 

Insert Ernie’s “Accelerator and Beam Line Magnets”