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Sidestepping Seeing in Antarctica: 

Sidestepping Seeing in Antarctica James Lloyd California Institute of Technology NSF Center for Adaptive Optics

Site Characteristics: 

Site Characteristics 10 years of Site Testing Background Seeing Direct Images Tower Microthermal H-DIMM Balloon Microthermal SODAR Marks et al (1999)

So What’s the Niche?: 

So What’s the Niche?

Slide5: 

What’s left after you control the wavefront? Adaptive Optics Narrow Angle Astrometry with Long Baseline Interferometer

Adaptive Optics: 

Adaptive Optics

Adaptive Optics: 

Adaptive Optics

Adaptive Optics: 

Adaptive Optics

Real Data: 

Real Data

Strehl Gain: 

Strehl Gain

Marechal Approximation: 

Marechal Approximation Born & Wolf, or Sivaramakrishnan et al (2002) ApJ

Marechal Approximation: 

Marechal Approximation Think Fourier Components…

Marechal Approximation: 

Marechal Approximation “Coherent” s2 << 1

Marechal Approximation: 

Marechal Approximation “Incoherent” s2 >> 1

Fringe Herding: 

Fringe Herding

Marechal Approximation: 

Marechal Approximation Mauna Kea, H band (1.6 mm)

Marechal Approximation: 

Marechal Approximation Mauna Kea, V band (0.5 mm)

Interlude: 

Interlude

Turbulence Parameters: 

Turbulence Parameters

r0: 

r0 s2=1 rad2

T0: 

T0 s2=1 rad2

q0: 

q0

Coherence Volume: 

Coherence Volume cT0

d0: 

d0

sd2: 

sd2

Interferometry: 

Interferometry Delay Line Beam Combiner Fringe

Interferometry: 

Interferometry Interferometer Fringe Wavefront Phase (Position)

Interferometry: 

Interferometry Interferometer Fringe Wavefront With Fringe Tracker

Dual Star Interferometer: 

Dual Star Interferometer

Dual Star Interferometry: 

Dual Star Interferometry Interferometer Fringe Wavefront With Fringe Tracker

Dual Star Interferometer: 

Dual Star Interferometer

Turbulence Theory: 

Turbulence Theory Astrometric Mean Square Error (Shao & Colavita 1992)

Astrometric Science: 

Astrometric Science

Extrasolar Planets: 

Extrasolar Planets

Differential Phase: 

Differential Phase Saumon, D., Hubbard, W. B., Burrows, A., Guillot, T., Lunine, J. I., & Chabrier, G. 1996, ApJ, 460, 993

Differential Phase: 

Differential Phase Interferometer Fringe Center of Light

Differential Phase: 

Differential Phase Saumon, D., Hubbard, W. B., Burrows, A., Guillot, T., Lunine, J. I., & Chabrier, G. 1996, ApJ, 460, 993

Results: 

Results

Site Comparison: 

Site Comparison

Site Comparison: 

Site Comparison

Site Comparison: 

Site Comparison

Site Comparison: 

Site Comparison

Site Comparison: 

Site Comparison $ $$ $$$$ $$ $ $$ $ $$$$ $$ $$$$ $$$$ A New Window t~5 t~0.5

Conclusion: 

Conclusion Killer App is Interferometry One telescope is better than none One telescope is half an interferometer Visible Light AO on a 2-4m class telescope has broad appeal with no competing facility post-HST DMT+AO is a good first step towards a major observatory

Lick AO System: 

Lick AO System

Lick AO System: 

Lick AO System

Lick AO System: 

Lick AO System