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INDIA: INDIA Little Stories, Big Dreams Somik Raha (somik@stanford.edu) Presented on 08-15-2006 Stanford India Association Independence Day Celebrations(*) You may remove my name and modify anything you like. I do ask that you let me know if you find any errors. (*) Modified to include more references and has minor corrections


The Persians…: The Persians…


The Persians…: The Persians…


The Persians…: The Persians…


Pronounced Sindhu as Hindu: Pronounced Sindhu as Hindu


Hindus: People on the other side of the river Sindhu: Hindus: People on the other side of the river Sindhu


The Greeks: The Greeks


Further mispronunciation: Indus: Further mispronunciation: Indus


Greek Ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya: Megasthenes: Greek Ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya: Megasthenes Wrote the book “Indica” describing the people on the other side of the Indus.


Greek Ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya: Megasthenes: Greek Ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya: Megasthenes Indica became popular in the west as India


What have we called the land?: What have we called the land? Bharat Varsh: The Land of Bharat (an ancient Sage-King who realized his Self) Aryavarta: Land of the Aryans Jambudweep: Blackberry Island (Bhagvad Puran)


Name of ancient religion: Name of ancient religion Sanaatan Dharma: The Eternal Principles Known to the world as Hinduism


The Aryan Invasion Theory: The Aryan Invasion Theory University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Center for Indic Studies Press Release, July 3, 2006 Scientists Collide with Linguists to Assert Indigenous origin of Indian Civilization   Comprehensive population genetics data along with archeological and astronomical evidence presented at June 23-25, 2006 conference in Dartmouth, MA, overwhelmingly concluded that Indian civilization and its human population is indigenous. In fact, the original people and culture within the Indian Subcontinent may even be a likely pool for the genetic, linguistic, and cultural origin of the rest of the world, particularly Europe and Asia. ….. Interestingly, Witzel stated, for the first time to many in the audience, that he and his colleagues no longer subscribe to Aryan invasion theory. Source: http://www.umassd.edu/indic/press/origin_pr.cfm


Tricolor Flag: Tricolor Flag SAFFRON for RENUNCIATION


Slide17: PEACE Tricolor Flag


Tricolor Flag: AGRICULTURE Tricolor Flag


Tricolor Flag: DHARMA or ETHICS Ashoka Chakra Tricolor Flag


Slide20: DHARMA or ETHICS Ashoka Chakra 3rd Century BCE


Foundation of Ancient Indian Society: Foundation of Ancient Indian Society REALIZATION DESIRE WEALTH ETHICS MOKSHA KAAMA ARTHA DHARMA Source: The Arthashastra by Kautilya


Ethics in Ancient Indian Society: Ethics in Ancient Indian Society EDUCATION DEFENCE TRADE AGRICULTURE BRAHMIN KSHATRIYA VAISHYA SHUDRA Based on Profession Source: The Arthashastra by Kautilya


Slide23: Source: The Arthashastra


BUDDHA: BUDDHA Prince Siddhartha, kept in palace Four great sights


BUDDHA: BUDDHA Prince Siddhartha, kept in palace Four great sights Old Man


BUDDHA: BUDDHA Prince Siddhartha, kept in palace Four great sights Old Man Sick Man


BUDDHA: BUDDHA Prince Siddhartha, kept in palace Four great sights Old Man Sick Man Dead Man


BUDDHA: BUDDHA Prince Siddhartha, kept in palace Four great sights Old Man Sick Man Dead Man Sage


Slide30: BODHI DHARMA


Slide31: BODHI DHARMA 5th Century CE


Slide32: BODHI DHARMA FOUNDER OF THE SHAOLIN SCHOOL OF MARTIAL ARTS FOUNDER OF CHAN or ZEN BUDDHISM His master: PRAJNATARA 5th Century CE


MEDICINE: Susruta: MEDICINE: Susruta World’s first Plastic Surgeon, 6th century BCE (150 years before Hippocrates) First physician to advocate Caesarean operation


Slide34: 0


Slide35: 0 Introduced to Europe in the Middle Ages by Leonardo Fibonacci


Slide36: 0 Introduced to Europe in the Middle Ages by Leonardo Fibonacci Translated from Arabic work of Abu J’afar Muhammad Ibn (al) Khwarizmi


Slide37: 0 Algorismus = corruption of al-Khwarizmi Introduced to Europe in the Middle Ages by Leonardo Fibonacci Translated from Arabic work of Abu J’afar Muhammad Ibn (al) Khwarizmi


Slide38: 0 Algorithm Introduced to Europe in the Middle Ages by Leonardo Fibonacci Translated from Arabic work of Abu J’afar Muhammad Ibn (al) Khwarizmi Algorismus = corruption of al-Khwarizmi


Slide39: 0 Khwarizmi documented work of Indian mathematician Mahaavira (born 850 BC) 0 Algorithm Introduced to Europe in the Middle Ages by Leonardo Fibonacci Translated from Arabic work of Abu J’afar Muhammad Ibn (al) Khwaizmi Algorismus = corruption of al-Khwarizmi Source: http://www.pantaneto.co.uk/issue5/arsham.htm


ZERO: ZERO 0 FROM THE VEDAS SHUNYAM NO BEGINNING, NO END, A CIRCLE


ZERO: ZERO 0 This is whole and that is whole From the whole comes the whole When you remove the whole from the whole, what remains is still the whole Purnamadaha Purnamidam Purnaat Purnamudachyate Purnasya Purnamaadaya Purnameva Avasishyate Upanishads


ZERO: ZERO 0 This is zero and that is zero From zero comes zero When you remove zero from zero, what remains is still zero Purnamadaha Purnamidam Purnaat Purnamudachyate Purnasya Purnamaadaya Purnameva Avasishyate Upanishads


Mathematics: Mathematics 0 Ganitam or Mathematics dates to 2000 BCE.


Mathematics: Mathematics 0 Ganitam or Mathematics dates to 2000 BCE. Aryabhatta and Bhaskaracharya wrote treatises on Mathematics (5th and 12th century CE)


Mathematics: Mathematics 0 Ganitam or Mathematics dates to 2000 BCE. Aryabhatta and Bhaskaracharya wrote treatises on Mathematics (5th and 12th century CE) Al-Khwarizimi called it “Al-Jabr” meaning the reunion of broken parts


Mathematics: Mathematics 0 Ganitam or Mathematics dates to 2000 BCE. Aryabhatta and Bhaskaracharya wrote treatises on Mathematics (5th and 12th century CE) Al-Khwarizimi called it “Al-Jabr” meaning the reunion of broken parts This is the origin of ALGEBRA


Mathematics: Mathematics TRIKONAMITI - TRIGONOMETRY JAMITI - Geometry


Mathematics: Mathematics PYTHAGORAS Came to Indian in 513 BCE as a student Studied under the Educators (Brahmins) Left as a teacher – Yavanacharya – the Ionian Teacher


Slide49: Rabindranath Tagore, India’s first Nobel Laureate in Literature, 1913


Slide50: The Indian Ethos “The spirit of India has always proclaimed the ideal of unity. The ideal of unity never rejects anything, any race, or any culture. It comprehends all, and it has been the highest aim of our spiritual exertion to be able to penetrate all things with one soul, to comprehend all things as they are, and not to keep out anything in the whole universe – to comprehend all things with sympathy and love. This is the spirit of India… India is there to unite all human races.” …Tagore in his Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech


Celebrating Islamic Contribution: Celebrating Islamic Contribution Akbar, 16th Century, CE Codified first ever minority rights document Had a Hindu wife and appreciated Hinduism


Taj Mahal: Taj Mahal


Taj Mahal: Taj Mahal Built by Emperor Shah Jahan, out of love for his departed wife Mumtaz Mahal


Sufism: Sufism Amir Khusrau Mystic Poet & Musician Created the Tabla (Indian Percussion Drum)


The British: The British What did India absorb most from the British?


The British: The British What did India absorb most from the British? ENGLISH


FREEDOM: Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high Where knowledge is free Where the world has not been broken up into fragments By narrow domestic walls Where words come out from the depth of truth Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way Into the dreary desert sand of dead habit Where the mind is led forward by Thee Into ever-widening thought and action Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake            From- Rabindranath Tagore's Geetanjali FREEDOM


Mahatma Gandhi: Mahatma Gandhi Led India’s non-violent freedom movement Had a direct impact on the United States - Martin Luther King followed Gandhi’s path MLK called Gandhi the greatest Christian of the 20th century.


Slide59: Netaji Subhash Bose Led India’s alternative freedom movement Organized the Indian National Army to fight the British


External Freedom Alone: External Freedom Alone This is the first step, not the last


External Freedom Alone: External Freedom Alone This is the first step, not the last For upliftment, we need to help create and spread economic freedom


External Freedom Alone: External Freedom Alone This is the first step, not the last For upliftment, we need to help create and spread economic freedom Not through coercion, but through voluntary action


Mahatma Gandhi: Mahatma Gandhi Pioneered Social Ventures for economic independence


Social Entrepreneurship : Social Entrepreneurship Women’s cooperative in Anand, Gujarat Verghese Kurien


Arvind Eye Hospital: Arvind Eye Hospital Dr. Venkataswamy 1918-2006 Video Screening 35 mins After dinner


Please take some time to reflect on Indian Ethos: Please take some time to reflect on Indian Ethos


Please take some time to reflect on Indian Ethos: Please take some time to reflect on Indian Ethos -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CUT, PASTE & LAMINATE


The Jana Gana Mana Story: The Jana Gana Mana Story Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anthem_of_India


Slide71: "He (Tagore) got up very early in the morning and wrote a very beautiful poem.... When he came down, he said to one of us, 'Here is a poem which I have written. It is addressed to God, but give it to Congress people. It will please them."


Slide72: "A certain high official in His Majesty's service, who was also my friend, had requested that I write a song of felicitation towards the Emperor. The request simply amazed me. It caused a great stir in my heart. In response to that great mental turmoil, I pronounced the victory in Jana Gana Mana of that Bhagya Vidhaata of India who has from age after age held steadfast the reins of India's chariot through rise and fall, through the straight path and the curved. That Lord of Destiny, that Reader of the Collective Mind of India, that Perennial Guide, could never be George V, George VI, or any other George. Even my official friend understood this about the song. After all, even if his admiration for the crown was excessive, he was not lacking in simple common sense."


Jana Gana Mana A Spiritual Prayer: Jana Gana Mana A Spiritual Prayer Glory to the ruler of the minds of all people, the controller of India’s destiny! From Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, to the Southern lands and Bengal, from the Vindhyas, Himachals, the dancing waters of the Yamuna and Ganga,


Slide74: Thy name arouses them all They all seek thy blessing and sing to thy glory


Slide75: Glory to the well-wisher of this sea of humanity, the controller of India’s destiny. Glory to thee, Glory to thee, Glory to thee Glory to thee!


Slide76: Jana Gana Mana Adhinayaka Jaya Hey Bharata Bhagya Vidhaata


Slide77: Punjaaba Sindha Gujarata Marathaa Dravida Utkala Bangaa Vidhya Himachala Yamuna Gangaa Ucchala Jaladhi Tarangaa


Slide78: Tava Shubha Naame Jaage Tava Shubha Ashisha Maange Gahey Taba Jaya Gaatha


Slide79: Jana Gana Mangala Dayaka Jaya Hey, Bharata Bhagya Vidhaata Jaya Hey, Jaya Hey, Jaya Hey Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey