Slide1 : USING THE MILITARY LENSATIC COMPASS PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Slide2 : This presentation is intended as a quick summary, and not a comprehensive resource. If you want to learn Land Navigation in detail, either buy a book; or get someone, who has the knowledge and skills, to teach you in person. WARNING PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Slide3 : NOTE PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills To get the ideas across presented on these slides, many figures, pictures, and calculations may not be to scale and may be exaggerated for clarity.
Slide4 : Note:
Prior to being issued any training *equipment, you will be required to sign a “statement of liability” agreeing to pay for anything you damage or lose.
All items will be inspected and inventoried prior to your signature and at the end of the training day too.
If you do not intend to sign this statement, then you may be denied training.
* You may use your own equipment. PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Any Questions? : Any Questions? PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
LAND NAVIGATION PRESENTATION PART 3 Module 17 Additional Skills : LAND NAVIGATION PRESENTATION PART 3 Module 17 Additional Skills PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
PRESENTATION : PRESENTATION . . . and now on with the . . . PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Slide8 : LAND NAVIGATION WITH MAP AND LENSATIC COMPASS PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Slide9 : LAND NAVIGATION Why Learn Land Navigation?
Tracking present location
Determining Distance
Sense of direction
How to read a topographic map
Terrain and map association
Spatial skills
Planning safe, practical routes
And more Navigational skills
The best way to learn LAND NAVIGATION is to get "dirt time", that is, get out there with a map and compass!
Navigation is not about finding yourself after you are lost (although that’s what happens sometimes); it’s about keeping track of your position as you move away from a known point. As you move you have to remain cognizant of the terrain you are leaving, of the terrain you are passing, and of the terrain that is ahead.
Navigation in the wilderness means knowing your starting point, your destination, and your route to get there.
These skills will allow you to venture farther off the beaten path than you ever thought before. (Where am I ?) (How far is it and am I there yet ?) (Where do I want to go and where am I actually going ?) (Do I understand the map ?) (What hill or river am I looking at ?) (Can I mentally visualize the landscape in 3D ?) (Take a long safe route or a short risky route ?) Training and practicing land navigation on foot provides the following everyday navigation (how not to get lost) benefits; PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Slide10 : THIS PRESENTATION IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR PARTS
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PART 1 Basic Land Navigation
The Lensatic Compass module 1
The Topographic Map modules 2, 3, 4,
The Land and Map Association modules 5, 6
PART 2 Intermediate Land Navigation
Making Sense of Direction module 7
Tracking Present Location modules 8, 9, 10, 11
Determining Travel Distance modules 12, 13, 14
PART 3 Advance Land Navigation
Navigation Methods to Stay On Course module 15
Additional Skills of Land Navigation module 16
Planning to Navigate module 17
PART 4 Expert Land Navigation
Navigation in different types of Terrain module 18
Night Navigation module 19
Sustainment module 20 PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Slide11 : THESE ARE THE TRAINING MODULES
Module 1 Lensatic Compass – parts and features, and how to sight the compass by two different methods.
Module 2 Topo Map Margin – what map margin data represents, map care, and how to properly fold a map.
Module 3 Topo Map Scale – map sizes and how it affects amount of detail that will be shown.
Module 4 Topo Map Symbols – you must understand them; to read and speak map language to others.
Module 5 Terrain Relief – shows elevation, indicates terrain features and heights of natural features.
Module 6 Map Information – what a protractor is for and how a map provides four kinds of information.
Module 7 Sense of Direction – lateral drift, current bearing, obstacles, back azimuth, deliberate offset.
Module 8 Resection – locate position with map only. Modified resection is with a map or compass.
Module 9 Intersection & Triangulation – two methods to locate position by compass.
Module 10 Map Speaks Compass Language - there is no need to orient the map to find your position.
Module 11 Plotting Position Coordinates – exact positioning, used to communicate to others with a map.
Module 12 Route Measure – mapping straight-line distance, curvature distance, and slope distance.
Module 13 Pace Count – using ranger pacing beads and estimating hiking speed.
Module 14 Travel Distance Estimation – estimating by 100 meter rule, rule-of-thumb, and by time.
Module 15 Plan to Navigate – in a group or alone, equipment, safety, responsibilities, route selection.
Module 16 Stay on Course – advance reference points and advance baselines.
Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills – estimate daylight, conserve energy, blisters, weather insight.
Module 18 Navigating Different Terrain – special environments, featureless terrain, visibility, dense foilage.
Module 19 Night Navigation – night adaptation, protecting night vision, navigate with lensatic compass.
Module 20 Sustainment – maintaining skills, training others, setting up a land navigation course. PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Any Questions? : Any Questions? PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
PART 3 ADVANCE LAND NAVIGATION : PART 3 ADVANCE LAND NAVIGATION MODULE 17
Additional Navigation Skills
Description
Additional Skills PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
ADDITIONAL NAVIGATION SKILLS DESCRIPTION : ADDITIONAL NAVIGATION SKILLS DESCRIPTION You already have been given Land Navigation techniques to give you a good start in becoming a competent navigator. You have learned how to operate your own lensatic compass with a map and other LAND NAVIGATION TECHNIQUES in Parts 1 and 2 of these lessons, plus “Part 3 Advance Land Navigation” skills.
Here you will find additional wilderness navigation SKILLS THAT WILL GREATLY AID YOU in navigating the wilderness and improve your Land Navigation experience level. These additional skills, when used, will provide you with essential data. Information that will aid you in making necessary decisions in various situations.
Estimating how much daylight is left
Binoculars with internal compass & rangefinder
Estimate distance with Lensatic Compass MILS
Conserve energy
Rest break durations, 4 minutes or 30 minutes, and why
Rhythmic breathing
The “Rest Step”
Walking sticks
Blisters
Weather prediction PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
ADDITIONAL NAVIGATION SKILLS ESTIMATING DAYLIGHT : ADDITIONAL NAVIGATION SKILLS ESTIMATING DAYLIGHT Knowing the TIME of sunrise and sunset for the area you are hiking and having a watch with you is something you should know and have. Example; sunrise is 6:30am and sunset 7:15pm, you have 12 hrs 45 mins of daylight. And with a watch, while hiking, you can know how much daylight is left before it gets dark.
However, if you do not know the TIME of sunrise and sunset, you can calculate the hours of daylight left with your hands. Reaching your destination before it gets dark is important. To estimate when the sun will disappear behind a hill, ridge, horizon, or canyon floor. . .
1. Hold both your hands at arms length, palms facing you and fingers horizontal.
2. Line up the bottom of the sun with the top of the upper finger with one hand, and the other hand lined up to
the bottom of the other hand.
3. Count the number of fingers to the horizon.
4. Every finger is about 15 minutes of daylight left before sunset. 1 hour and 30 minutes 2 hours PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
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Slide17 : ADDITIONAL NAVIGATION SKILLS BINOCULARS WITH COMPASS & RANGEFINDER This item is a luxury, BUT is a very useful luxury.
The compass alone is a quick way to find An azimuth from a very far away distant landmark.
The range finder is very easy to use and the data received from its use is invaluable. PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Slide18 : ADDITIONAL NAVIGATION SKILLS BINOCULARS WITH COMPASS & RANGEFINDER IMPORTANT: Always remember that the Distance and Object Size scales are in a “ratio” to each other. When you add “0’s” to one, you must add an equal number of “0’s” to the other. . . . PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Slide19 : ADDITIONAL NAVIGATION SKILLS BINOCULARS WITH COMPASS & RANGEFINDER When the object size is known, its distance is determined as follows:
1. Look through your binocular and place the horizontal reticle line at the base of the object.
2. Count the number of reticle divisions from the base to the top of the object. (In the example on the previous slide, the top of the lighthouse comes to 2.5 on the Reticle Scale)
3. Rotate the Calculator Dial and place this number (2.5) at the Angle Index Mark
4. Assuming you know that the height of the lighthouse is 100 ft., look to the right of the Angle Index Mark and find the object size on the scale labeled “Object Size”. In this example, use “10”.
NOTE
The object size divisions are from 1 to 20. In dealing with an object that is
100 feet, mentally add a zero to the 10 indicator on the object size scale.
5. Now read the distance scale directly beneath the object size. It is 400 but remember, because you added a “0” to the “10” in Step 4, you must add a zero to the 400. Thus, the distance from you to the lighthouse is 4000 feet.
When distance to the object is known, its size is determined as follows:
1. Count the reticle divisions occupied by the object
2. Rotate the Calculator Dial, so that the Angle Index Mark points to the number from the reticle scale .
3. Look at the Distance Scale, and find your known distance to the object (for example, 4000 feet, or 400 on the scale). The number on the Object Size scale that is opposite this distance indicates the size of the object (for example, 100 feet). PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Slide20 : ADDITIONAL NAVIGATION SKILLS BINOCULARS WITH COMPASS & RANGEFINDER ( Using binocular ring calculator ) Map indicates Landmark is 100 yards wide.
Landmark covers 4 marks on binocular scale.
You are 1000 yards away from landmark.
At your current speed, 30-40 minutes away. Both hikers are about 5’4” tall.
Hiker covers 1½ (1.5) marks on binocular scale.
Hikers are 950 feet (316 yards) away from camp.
10-15 minutes before they reach camp. NOTE
drawings and binocular dial numbers are exaggerated for clarity.
Follow the binocular dinstruction manual. PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Slide21 : Each tick mark is 5mils
10mils 5mils ADDITIONAL NAVIGATION SKILLS BINOCULARS WITH COMPASS & RANGEFINDER ( Using binocular tick mark MILS and formula ) Landmark is 92 meters (100yds) Width
binocular total tick mils is 40mils
92W 40m = 2.3 x 1000 meters = 2300 meters (2.3Km or 1½ miles)
Height Width PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
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Slide23 : ADDITIONAL NAVIGATION SKILLS ESTIMATING DISTANCE WITH COMPASS MILS 5200mils 5300mils PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
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Slide25 : ADDITIONAL NAVIGATION SKILLS CONSERVE ENERGY – REST BREAKS All groups need to take regular rest breaks in order to hike effectively throughout the day.
A good schedule is about 5 minutes of rest for every hour of hiking, which will minimize lactic acid buildup in the body.
Lactic acid is the by-product created when your muscles burn glucose while you exercise, it’s what causes your muscles to feel sore.
When you stop, lactic acid continues to be produced and remains in the system.
If you stop for less than 5 minutes, this buildup is not a problem.
If you stop for more than 5 minutes, you may begin to feel muscle soreness and tightening.
In that case it is best to extend the stop to 25 minutes to allow the excess lactic acid to be cleared out of your system.
Lactic Acid during REST BREAK
Less than 5 minutes – no problem
More than 5 minutes – muscle soreness and tightening
25 minutes or more – body clears the lactic acid
Encourage everyone to re-hydrate at every break. PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Slide26 : ADDITIONAL NAVIGATION SKILLS CONSERVE ENERGY – RYTHMIC BREATHING Keeping a breathing rate and pattern is one of the best ways to monitor and control your energy output while hiking.
RYTHMIC BREATHING - you should move at a pace that allows you to breathe comfortably and be able to speak.
If you are constantly gasping for breath or if you can’t keep up a conversation, then you are hiking too fast for your conditioning level.
The best way to control your pace is to synchronize the rhythm of your walking (REST STEP) with the rhythm of your breathing.
As the hiking load increases from steep terrain, humid weather, or a heavier pack, your breathing rate will increase.
Slow your pace to regain that controlled breathing rate.
When the load is reduced, you can pick up your pace again.
This technique, when used with the REST STEP (next slide), will maintain a high endurance output over a long period of time. PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Slide27 : The mountaineer's “REST STEP" is your greatest ally on steep ascents. With every step, you briefly transfer weight from your leg muscles to the skeletal system. It takes a bit of practice, but if done correctly allows you to climb farther without excessive tiring. Here is how it works:
Step forward with your right leg while keeping your weight on your back (left) leg and momentarily "locking" the back leg in a straight position. Pause for a split second on your locked left leg. This allows your bones, rather than your leg muscles, to support your weight.
Swing your left leg forward to take the next step, while locking and transferring your weight to your right (now the back) leg.
Repeat the process with each step, always putting your weight on your locked rear leg.
It's not really a short rest. Instead it's a pause while sinking into the hip deeply. It's more of a stop motion to the continuous
fluid swing of the leg movement that usually happens. This will also allow
you to breathe more evenly and less heavily.
You can tell if you are doing the REST STEP, if
your step is heavy on the terrain and you aren't
breathing too hard.
ADDITIONAL NAVIGATION SKILLS CONSERVE ENERGY – THE REST STEP You need to get into a steady rhythm of doing that for each step you take. You may feel like a robot walking slowly up the mountain, but you'll feel much better when you get there.
The REST STEP should be used in conjunction with rhythmic breathing.
The REST STEP keeps your breathing rate easy. PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Slide28 : ADDITIONAL NAVIGATION SKILLS CONSERVE ENERGY – WALKING STICKS WHY CARRY A WALKING STICK? IT WILL HELP YOU KEEP YOUR BALANCE
Crossing creeks, streams, rivers
Traversing hillsides
Crossing shale, scree
Carrying heavy loads
Resting en route
IT WILL HELP YOU MANEUVER
Crossing downed trees over trails
To break or prevent a fall IT WILL REDUCE STRESS ON BACK & LEGS
Provides extra power & balance going uphill
Reduces shock on knees, going downhill
Takes pressure off back and hips (mainly uphill)
OTHER USES
Center or side pole for a tarp
To prop up your pack
To lean on when resting
Pushing aside spider webs and brush
Self defense against animals, snakes, etc. SHOULD YOU USE TWO SKI POLES, ONE SKI POLE, ONE WOODEN STAFF, OR SOMETHING ELSE?
It boils down to what is your preference, or more specifically, what feels right on the trail.
Hikers use two snow poles when on snow.
On the trail hikers use one or two poles.
It takes some time to get use to walking sticks.
Experiment using both.
Do what's comfortable, what ever works for you. PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Any Questions? : Any Questions? PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Slide30 : ADDITIONAL NAVIGATION SKILLS PREVENTING BLISTERS Blisters demand attention. If you ignore them, you will pay dearly later.
Always carry a blister kit, even on day hikes.
Once you hit the trail, you’ll want to pay particular attention to your feet.
Blisters happen fast, but they do give you a warning.
If you feel a hot spot, stop immediately.
Don’t worry about holding up your hiking partners. A short break to check your feet is far better than limping around on blisters.
If you do get a blister, first aid treatment makes it possible to walk on a blister, in varying degrees of comfort.
BLISTER BUSTING TIPS
Make sure boots fit properly
Treat boots with oils
Wear non-cotton sock liners
Keep feet dry
Go easy on walking mileage
Pay attention, any rubbing or soreness, stop immediately and check for foot problems
If you get blisters in certain areas of feet, put moleskin over it in advance, prior to starting your walk PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
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Slide32 : ADDITIONAL NAVIGATION SKILLS Not all of these sayings hold true every time under every circumstance,
but you might be surprised at just how accurate they tend to be.
THE MOON
If you can see the dark part of the crescent moon, it means 24 to 48 hours of good weather. A ring around the moon brings rain. By counting the number of stars contained within the ring, you can fairly accurately predict how long away the rain will be. Each star represents 24 hours, faint star 12 hours.
If the moon's face is red, of water she speaks. The red color is due to the presence of dust being pushed ahead of a low pressure front bringing in moisture.
THE SUN
rainbow or white band around the sun, look for a drastic change in the weather within 12-24 hours. If the weather is clear, plan on stormy weather; if the weather is dreary, plan on fair weather to arrive.
Red Sun: A red sun at dusk or dawn indicates dry weather (fair). Don't confuse a red sky in the morning with a red sun in the morning. If the sun itself is red and the sky is a normal blue color, the day will be fair.
Red Sky: A red sky at night, hikers delight, Red sky at morning, hikers take warning.
RAINBOWS
Rainbows in the morning to the west indicate approaching rain.
A rainbow at sunset indicates that the rain is leaving and fair weather is on the way. PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Slide33 : ADDITIONAL NAVIGATION SKILLS ATMOSPHERIC LOW PRESSURE (rain)
If you find yourself out in a marsh or swamp and the air really seems to stink more than normal, expect rainy weather.
Birds and bats have a tendency to fly much lower to the ground right before a rain due to the “thinning” of the air.
Smoke hanging low means rain is on the way. ATMOSPHERIC HIGH PRESSURE (fair)
Things won't smell quite so strong, fair weather.
The atmosphere becomes more dense and birds can easily fly at higher altitudes, dry air.
Smoke rising straight into the air means fair weather.
CLOUDS
An ability to accurately read cloud formations is invaluable in predicting the weather. For a more detailed look into this, consult a good book on the weather. Each type of cloud is caused by specific actions in nature building up to fair weather or rainy weather.
PLANTS
Pine cones - One of the most reliable of all natural weather indicators are pine cones. In dry weather, pine cones open out as the scales shrivel up and stand out stiffly. When it is damp, they absorb moisture and as the scales become flexible again, the cone returns to its normal shape.
Flowers - flowers bloom in fair weather and close when rain is approaching.
Grass – dew on the grass, rain will never come to pass. When grass is dry at morning light, look for rain before the night. PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Any Questions? : Any Questions? PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
Slide35 : Note:
Prior to being issued any training *equipment, you will be required to sign a “statement of liability” agreeing to pay for anything you damage or lose.
All items will be inspected and inventoried prior to your signature and at the end of the training day too.
If you do not intend to sign this statement, then you may be denied training.
* You may use your own equipment. PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
TESTING : Now it is time for the following . . .
Written exam
Hands-on / Outdoors exam TESTING PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills
THE END OF LAND NAVIGATION PRESENTATION PART 3 Module 17 Additional Skills : THE END OF LAND NAVIGATION PRESENTATION PART 3 Module 17 Additional Skills PART 3 Advance Land Navigation Module 17 Additional Land Navigation Skills