Decolonization, Neo-colonialism & Globalism : Decolonization, Neo-colonialism & Globalism Differences in regional decolonization
Economic development
Environmental concerns such as deforestation, desertification
Population trends (disease)
Leads to the question of “Progress” or modernization and globalization vs. fundamentalism and tribalism
Post WWII to present : Post WWII to present End to European colonial Empires
Nationalism and independence
Different roads to freedom
Global impact
About 90 new countries
Pursuit of modernization
Cold War goes global
Superpowers
Nonaligned nations
Cold war ends (effects of dissolution of USSR 1990s)
Ethnic conflict
New nations seek stability
Regional and global organizations
UN
NGO
Global Issues
Culture clash
Weapon escalation
Terrorism
Human rights
Intervention
Population shifts and control
Environmental
Culture clash
Decolonization : Decolonization Despite problems, decolonization did result in independence from Asian, European, and American imperialists
in some cases notably India democratic regimes were established and achieved political success
although industrialization has been slow to occur, conditions of industrialization no worse than conditions in Europe during eighteenth and nineteenth centuries urban squalor, underemployment, poor health care
difficult to overcome burdens of excessive population
conditions of limited capitalization, dependency created by external forces and imperialists.
Globalization : Globalization Post colonialism
Trans and multi-national corporations
Modernity
Changes in socio-economic patterns
Trend towards democracy
Positives
Lower mortality rate
Focus on individual
Medical advancements
Quality of life and standard of living better?
Technological advancements in information storage and communication and architecture
Negatives
Holocaust
Technology of war
Pollution
New diseases
Environmental disasters
Hedonism
Global Economic Trends : Global Economic Trends Economic interdependence
Lenders and debtors affected by debt crisis
Environmental damage
North
Industrial Nations
High standard of living
Consumer of most of world’s resource
South
Many socialist countries
Poverty
Most of the world’s population and resources
World Wars set the stage : World Wars set the stage Militarily exhausted European powers
taught colonial peoples how to kill whites
destroyed aura of invincibility that surrounded European military
forced European powers to fall back on indigenous administrators during periods of war
forced to grant concessions during wartime in return for promises of military support (often withdrawn after wars leading to discontent)
general program of industrialization in many colonies to aid in war effort reduced dependency on European global network
rise of Japan weakened European hold on Asia, in general
Economic “miracle” – compared to Germany
Protectionist
Educated skilled workforce
Higher rate of personal savings
No large military
Post war clause forbid military
World Global standing significance : World Global standing significance BRIC
Brazil
Russia
India
China
Asian Tigers
Taiwan
Singapore
Korea
Hong Kong
Changing patterns of Life : Changing patterns of Life New roles for women
Feminist movement
Nationalist struggles
Science and Technology
Green revolution
Space race
Computer revolution (age of Information to Age of access)
Medical breakthroughs
Urbanization
New definitions of community and older rural beliefs challenged
Shantytowns
New Global Culture
Westernization
Preservation of old and blending of artistic tradtions
Competing Economic Models : Competing Economic Models After World War II most of Europe was in ruins.
One quarter of Germany’s cities were rubble
Yugoslavia had lost approximately 10 percent of its population
27 million people had died in the Soviet Union
In China, survivors faced famine, disease, civil war, and revolution
Britain and France were bankrupt.
Forty four nations met at the original session of United Nations in July 1944 at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire to ensure post war economies did not return to the Autarky and Protectionism that had led to the rise of dictators.
The Bretton Woods Conference created the International Monetary Fund, as well as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (The World Bank)
Decolonization In Asia : Decolonization In Asia The three most powerful nations in Asia went different ways after World War II.
India gained independence, relatively peacefully, in 1947, splitting into India and Pakistan.
China rapidly descended into Civil War. The Communists took over all of main land China in 1949. Only Taiwan and a few small islands remained in control of the Nationalists.
Japan was totally devastated and occupied by the United States. With considerable help it eventually grew into an economic power by the end of the 1950s
Decolonization IndoChina : Decolonization IndoChina French Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam)
The French granted limited autonomy to Laos and Cambodia after World War II.
Negotiations with the Vietminh (Ho Chi Minh’s) government broke down in 1946.
War erupted which continued for eight years until the French lost the battle of Dien Bien Phu and 10,000 soldiers.
Vietnam
split in two at the 17th parallel and elections were supposed to be held. It never happened.
SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organization) to stem the flow of communism.
Malaya
gained independence from British but asked for help to keep Chinese communists from taking over
Philippines
Independence from U.S. on July 4, 1946.
Indonesia
Revolution broke out before the war ended, gained independence in 1948.
Decolonization Middle East : Decolonization Middle East After World War II the Middle East became a powder keg of conflicting interests
Flood of Jewish refugees from Europe and other parts of the world created considerable conflict
Britain turned mandate over to the United Nations for arbitration
State of Israel created out of British mandate of Palestine in 1948.
Conflict in that region ever since
1954 Egyptian seizure of Suez Channel and nationalization of property
1973 Six Day War
India set a positive example : India set a positive example Leadership:
dependent on Western-educated elites, particularly at the outset
often associated with colonial administration or legal systems
Congress Party in India grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians
later dependent on charismatic leaders capable of appealing to masses (Gandhi, Nehru)
Methods:
use of non-violent means boycotts, demonstrations, strikes;
method formalized by Gandhi.
Methods attractive to other colonies--particularly the nonsettler colonies of Africa, where Western-educated elites carried out similar programs to achieve independence.
Mohandas K. Gandhi : Mohandas K. Gandhi “Democracy and violence can ill go together. Evolution of democracy is not possible if we are not prepared to hear the other side.”
“It may be long before the law of love will be recognized in international affairs. The machinery’s of government stand between and hide the hearts of one people from those of another.”
Civil Disobedience....becomes a sacred duty when the state has become lawless or which is the same thing, corrupt. And a citizen who barters with such a state shares the corruption or lawlessness.
INC 1885
Satyagraha (Sanskrit, "truth and firmness http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/core/pics/0255/img0055.jpg
Civil Disobedience vs. Terrorism : Civil Disobedience vs. Terrorism The individual, Thoreau claimed, is "a higher and independent power," from which the state obtains its power.
Civil Disobedience
Refusal to obey civil laws
People practicing civil disobedience break a law because they
1. consider the law unjust
2. want to call attention to its injustice
3. hope to bring about its repeal or amendment.
They are also willing to accept any penalty, such as imprisonment, for breaking the law.
This is what separates them from other protesters/lawbreakers or terrorists.
Not Revolution : Not Revolution Civil disobedience is a symbolic, but nevertheless real, violation of what is considered an unjust law rather than the rejection of a whole system of laws and government.
Proponents of such resistance assert that legitimate avenues of change are blocked, and they see themselves as obligated by higher principles or ideals to break a specific law.
It is because civil disobedience is an acknowledged crime that it can serve as a protest.
By submitting to punishment, the lawbreaker hopes to set a moral example that will provoke the majority or the government to effect a meaningful change through change in law and public policy.
The major qualification is that the disobedience be nonviolent.
Three types represented by the person who used it : Three types represented by the person who used it Three notable examples of progress were achieved through the practice of civil disobedience in the mid-20th century.
The first, the independence of India, was largely a result of the Satyagraha (Sanskrit, "truth and firmness"), programs of passive resistance by Mohandas Gandhi to the British colonial laws.
The second involved civil rights legislation in the United States, in which the nonmilitant or non-violent efforts of Martin Luther King, Jr., played a primary role.
And the third notable, Nelson Mandela, is now President of the government he helped to adapt, although through more violent methods.
Neither of the three wanted to overthrow the government just to change the laws that prevented them from operating on the same scale as everyone else.
Characterized by level of violence : Characterized by level of violence Gandhi-Passive Resistance.
This is more effective in India because of the numbers of people.
Any massive action would totally disrupt governmental activities.
King-Non-Violent Resistance.
Action against the law other than just marches.
Mandela-Militaristic Resistance.
The more violent the reaction against the disobedience the more violent the resistance becomes.
India vs. Egypt : India vs. Egypt Similarities
both nations typified by overwhelming population growth that ate up much of gains
both engaged in state stimulation of economy state financed education, land redistribution (although largely unsuccessful)
Differences
no military intervention in India, retention of civilian rule
India had a larger industrial and scientific sector, also better transport and communication infrastructure
India had larger middle class than Egypt
India state intervention in economy less direct than in Egypt
India had greater access to international capitalization.
Limits of Decolonization : Limits of Decolonization While political independence was won, otherwise limited changes:
non-revolutionary, elite-to-elite transfer of power
social hierarchies relatively undisturbed
economic power held by indigenous elites with little or no redistribution of wealth
continued heavy influence of Western culture;
little disruption of Western dominance of international trade or patterns of industrialization
continued economic dependence on West or newly arisen industrialized powers of Pacific rim.
Link between Decolonization and Globalization : Link between Decolonization and Globalization The economy an society has had some change but not really revolutionary change since 1910.
In some ways there have been few changes; economy is still largely dependent on exports, global network;
little heavy industrialization, low level of capitalization;
social system still, in part, based on society of racial hierarchy;
Indians, people of color tend to remain at bottom of social ladder;
women have achieved voting rights, but only recently have made direct impacts on political system;
political systems whether controlled by caudillo, middle class oligarchy, military, or revolutionary clique’s continue to be dominated by small numbers of powerful people.
After these “revolutions” the Military came to forefront during 1960s in fear of Cuban expansion of Marxist revolution;
made possible by failure of populist and liberal governments to supply reforms;
often supported initially by U.S. as means of opposing communism;
tended to conservatism; imposed bureaucratic authoritarian regimes based on military chain of command;
heavy use of torture, political repression of opposition;
governments lasted until mid-1980s.
Comparative Revolutions : Comparative Revolutions Mexican Revolution of 1910 has some similarities with the Cuban revolution of the 1950s.
both were launched against long-standing personal rules (Diaz, Batista); both were nationalistic responses to foreign control of internal resources and economy;
both involved demands for redistribution of land;
both involved what was essentially guerilla warfare against national military forces.
the outcomes of the revolutions were different;
Cuban revolution resulted in establishment of Marxist-Leninist socialist government; Mexican government enacted constitution of 1917 which appeared to establish liberal democracy;
actual government controlled by single party.
Also Cuba and Guatemala in the 50’s
both based on populist appeal of laboring groups, nationalist expropriation of foreign capital, land redistribution.
Guatemalan reform movement under Arevalo and Arbenz halted by intervention of U.S. Central Intelligence Agency in support of business interests while Cuban revolt under Castro resulted in creation of Marxist-Leninist state with economy dependent on Soviet Union;succeeded where Guatemalan thwarted by U.S. intervention.
Populist politics : Populist politics Populism in Latin America was typified by mobilization of support from labor, poor;
strong nationalism particularly directed against foreign ownership of resources
often led by military figures who wished to retain structure of government.
Following general failure of liberal governments in Latin America with Great Depression, number of populist movements resulted in conservative, military responses;
Peron in Argentina,
APRA in Peru,
Vargas in Brazil
populism continued to play a role in all revolutionary movements since the 1930s.
LA and African Neocolonialism = Dependency : LA and African Neocolonialism = Dependency Political instability with Marxist and capitalist influence
Continuing friction from racial inequalities
Economy drained of natural resources with no opportunity to diversify from its colonial export of cash crops
Because of competing loans from US and USSR areas left with large debts in which the lenders tried to exploit
Corruption and misconduct of dictators and caudios allowed social issues like health care, education were ignored and the infrastructures weak, including both the political and economic institutions
Causes and Impact : Causes and Impact Three main issues lead to decolonization:
desire for independence
European distraction with internal affairs
resentment against discrimination
Further issues were promises of independence during WWII, increased education and a wave of nationalism separated Africa from Latin America
The results of decolonization including political instability, economic weaknesses and debt lead to dependency of the former colonies
Changes in women’s status : Changes in women’s status Early stages of women's education linked to need of Western-educated male leaders for educated wives
role of women in nationalist movements increased with development of mass participation in aftermath of World War I
Indian women, Egyptian women, market women of West Africa all played major role in popular movements demanding independence
had major impact on European colonial powers
participation in independence struggles paralleled demands for greater rights in colonial societies
led to granting of rights to women including suffrage and legal equality in new nations.
Third World Country comparison of women’s rights : Third World Country comparison of women’s rights Greater political rights suffrage almost invariably granted
greater legal rights such as access to divorce
actual benefits of above limited by traditional social roles
few women reached positions of power
those that did were related to powerful males
no entry into administrations
continued subjection in households
continued existence of domestic seclusion and veiling particularly in Islamic societies
spread of religious fundamentalism has intensified women's subordinate status in most societies.
Role of Marxism in Second World Mao vs. Lenin : Role of Marxism in Second World Mao vs. Lenin Lenin insisted on the leadership of a small cadre of urban workers as the leaders of revolution;
peasantry was largely isolated from revolutionary movement
purpose of early reforms to build industry
Mao declared entire Chinese peasantry a proletariat
distrusted small cadres of intellectuals in favor of peasant revolution
early emphasis on uplift of peasantry, redistribution of land
Mao remained distrustful of small elites, continued to favor peasant revolution; led to series of purges later in Mao's regime.
Preconditions of Revolution in both China and its former satellite, Vietnam : Preconditions of Revolution in both China and its former satellite, Vietnam Both suffered heavily from the assaults and exploitive terms of exchange imposed by the imperialist powers;
each contended with underdevelopment, overpopulation, and poverty;
both saw their ancient traditions, embodied in the Confucian system, collapse in face of outside influence and failure of Confucian-style elites to organize resistance;
both countries gained little, if anything, from years of European domination;
both already had, prior to Western incursion, a strong sense of identity, common language, and unifying polity.
Vietnam and China still regional : Vietnam and China still regional Although traditional imperial, Confucian dynasties were destroyed, some concepts typical of ancient Chinese culture retained
still bias against commercial and business classes
emphasis on necessity of rulers to promote the welfare of the mass of the people
ideological systems stress secular, social harmony
lack of religious emphasis
continued sense of cultural superiority
reassertion of elitist thinking and bureaucratic control in China
continued patterns of family and household from past.
Vietnam Decolonization differs : Vietnam Decolonization differs Most third world decolonization achieved without violence
no tradition of peaceful colonialism as in most third world nations Vietnamese experience totally violent
French rule promoted Vietnamese sense of separate identity
Confucian tradition regarded French as barbarians
any Vietnamese who supported French rule was regarded as a traitor
failure of Confucian empire to resist foreigners led to complete abandonment;
left no cultural tradition to defend
led to radical revolutionary means
no strong religious basis as cultural unity
French destroyed bourgeois political organizations.
1979 Iranian Revolution and Fundamentalism : 1979 Iranian Revolution and Fundamentalism Revolution aimed at Westernized regime that was demonstrably un-Islamic although composed of indigenous rulers
Khomeini claimed to be divinely inspired leader for return to pure forms of Islam typical of the days of the Prophet
promised rebels instant paradise should they fall during revolution
Fundamentalists attempted to spread Islamic revolution to other neighboring regimes
continued conflict of Shi'ite versions of Islam versus Sunnite regimes.
Iraq and Sunnis vs. Iran and Shi’ites
African Liberation : African Liberation nonsettler colonies vs. those with substantial white settler populations.
Although there was some resistance, particularly in the British colonies, nonsettler colonies proceeded to independence more rapidly and without violence
best example is Ghana; Kenyatta led nationalist movement that utilized Indian model of non-violent resistance to achieve independence in 1957
white settler colonies resisted independence movements from nationalist groups
led to violent resistance in Kenya, Algeria; in both colonies rebellions defeated by colonial powers, but independence granted as a result of war weariness
only South Africa able to retain minority, white regime.
Apartheid (separateness)
Divergence or Convergence Tribalism vs. MacWorld : Divergence or Convergence Tribalism vs. MacWorld Role of civilizational identity versus the pace of internationalization in twentieth century cultures.
Various cultures continue to emphasize traditions that are specific and traditional
identification may be through traditional religions
Islam, Hinduism
ethnic identification, as with Slavic groups in former Yugoslavia or among French-speaking population in Quebec
or simply cultural patterns such as centralized state and bureaucratic intervention in China
end of cold war has accentuated regional separations.
Despite retained individuality, some forces continue to accelerate internationalization:
difficulty of isolation
speed of transportation and communication
world trade, development of international scientific community
international artistic styles, popularity of Western fashions, fads, sports such as soccer.
Third World Countries LDC : Third World Countries LDC Population pressure growing populations overwhelm national resources and restrict their ability to achieve economic independence
lack of industrialization is complicated by lack of investment capital
continued dependence on export of agricultural products, mineral wealth
fluctuation of market value of export products
continued dependence on global trade network dominated by industrial nations of first and second worlds
dramatic population shifts to urban regions that cannot provide employment or housing
creation of potentially volatile underemployed populations in cities.
Global Economic Organizations : Global Economic Organizations IMF
The IMF is an international organization of 182 member countries, established to promote international monetary cooperation, exchange stability, and orderly exchange arrangements; to foster economic growth and high levels of employment; and to provide temporary financial assistance to countries under adequate safeguards to help ease balance of payments adjustment.
WBG
Founded in 1944, the World Bank Group consists of five closely associated institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Development Association, International Finance Corporation, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency and the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes.
Bretton Woods agreements in 1944 created International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
NGO’s : NGO’s Non-governmental organizations associated with the United Nations
http://www.ngo.org/links/index.htm
Economic Regions : Economic Regions NAFTA
North Atlantic Trade Organization
EU
Economic Union
OPEC
Oil Producing and Exporting Countries
GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which in 1995 became the World Trade Organisation (WTO)
Four Tigers : Four Tigers
New Period in 20th Century : New Period in 20th Century Criteria established throughout text parallel developments in major civilizations
new technologies
new political forms
tendency toward cultural secularization
reshuffling of political boundaries
Decolonization
loosening of Western geopolitical dominance
intensification of international contacts
more extensive trade
worldwide alliance systems
cultural exchanges
Slide42 : Linkages Among Environmental Issues Water Air Quality Ozone Depletion Desertification Forests Sulfate Aerosols Climate Change Biodiversity Loss
Trends? : Trends? Political organization
seems to favor continued dominance of democratic parliamentarianism, well established in industrialized countries
successful attacks on authoritarian forms of government in Philippines, Korea, many African states, Indonesia and throughout Latin America
unclear if new democracies firmly rooted.
Economic trends based on industrialization
gaps remain wide based on level of industrialization and sophistication of technology
Issue of access to technology
Industrialization has impact
Immigration
Intercontinental
impact on family
Family roles in flux
Urbanization
Instead of sedentary vs. nomads we now have urbanites vs. ruralitites
Maquiladoras : Maquiladoras Foreign-owned, controlled or subcontracted manufacturing plants that process or assemble imported components for export.
generally imported duty-free when they come into the US
Trend began in 1960’s today less than in 2000 http://students.syr.edu/scool/pie1.gif
Outsourcing – Issue of Production vs. Service : Outsourcing – Issue of Production vs. Service Global Value Chain
Commodity chains (luxury and service markets vs. self-sustaining)
Global Digital Divide
Elbe-Triest Line becomes the North – South Divide
NIE’s
Newly Industrialized Economies
increases in the labor force and technology - together
According to leading economists,
while the industrial countries will be faced with is a rather dramatic slowing of labor force growth
the developing world will continue to experience strong growth in its labor force in the years ahead
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Neo-colonialism : Neo-colonialism the continued relegation of the Third World to economic dependency after decolonization
Third World countries
Issues of culture
Sara vs. Barbie
Sara was Iranian doll
Sustainable Development vs. Dependency theory : Sustainable Development vs. Dependency theory Traditional Society - ‘constrained by a productivity ceiling’
Preconditions for Take Off - ‘ society in a state of transition’
Take-Off - ‘ Growth becomes an normal condition’
Drive to Maturity - ‘economy capable of move beyond take off industries eg. Innovation occurs.’
The Age of High Mass Consumption - ‘income sufficiently high that mass consumption of durable resources is possible’
Estimated Human Population Over the Past two Millennia (Cohen 1995) : Estimated Human Population Over the Past two Millennia (Cohen 1995)
Wealth Distribution Today : Wealth Distribution Today In 1970 the richest 10% of the worlds citizens earned 19 times as much as the poorest 10%. By 1997, the ratio had increased to 27:1.
In 1997, the wealthiest 1% of the world’s people commanded the same income as the poorest 57%.
Just 25 million rich Americans (.4% of the world’s people) had a combined income greater than that of the poorest 2 billion people (43% of the world population).
(Income ratios reflect purchasing power parity [data from UNDP 2001])
Population theory : Population theory Thomas Malthus population theory does not take into account increasing technological advances that increase the food supply and environmental use
But to keep pace with population growth we might have to increase the food supply by 60 – 100 %
As hunger increased there would be more social disorder, riots, wars, plagues - famine.
Population checked - at least for awhile.
Called Malthusian checks.
Argued that “moral restraint” was only hope: no premarital sex, later marriages.
Very Victorian.
However, didn’t happen as he forecast.
Birth rates declined soon after death rates did. Contraception became more widespread.
Industrialization and urbanization meant less need for family labor.
Child labor laws and mandatory schooling laws meant child had to be supported far longer.
Slide51 : Food supply Population
1 1
2 2
3 4
4 8
5 10
etc.
Persistent Infectious Diseases : Persistent Infectious Diseases Relationship between disease and Political Instability
HIV/AIDS
Malaria
Infant mortality an indicator
Life span
Literacy rates
Sub-Sahara hardest hit
Nearly 42 million children in 27 countries will lose one or both parents to AIDS by 2010
19 of the hardest hit countries will be in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Factors contributing to Infectious Disease : Factors contributing to Infectious Disease http://www.cia.gov/cia/reports/nie/report/nie99-17d.html
Globalization, Population growth and deforestation and desertification : Globalization, Population growth and deforestation and desertification The impact of Deforestation is not just that we don’t have wood any more
Who does it
Slash and burn to clear for crops
Need food
Not having the forests alters the environment
What is progress? : What is progress? Progress
advances in technological sophistication and scientific knowledge allows ability to manage human and natural environment, with better means to preserve health and improve life expectancy
increased education
improvement in status of women and treatment of children
abolition of slavery.
Regression:
technologies applied to war allowed greater destructive capability
intensifying regional conflicts and small wars
spread of armament sales, including nuclear weapons
increasing intolerance in societies such as the Middle East and India.
Issues? : Issues? Population growth (6.4 billion)
Exhaustion of frontiers
Technological advances associated with the "postindustrial world."
Environmental degradation
In 1960s and 1970s, there was widespread concern that population growth would outstrip production of food and resources and lead to environmental disaster and warfare
drop in birth rates has caused this problem to be discounted by 1990s although birth rates remain dangerously high
end of "frontiers" means greater potential for friction, seen now in hostility toward immigrants
no more population migrations possible, leading to potential conflict over space.
Technological developments (computers, genetic engineering, robotics) linked to creation of "post-industrial society" most typical of advanced industrial states
led to service-oriented economy with machines performing most industrial tasks and much of agricultural production as well
fosters a generally optimistic view of industrialized society, though critics emphasize increase in inequalities in world economy
others argue that technological transformations are not fundamental but merely reinforce existing trends.
Environmental issues : Environmental issues Access to water
Water quality
Deforestation leads to desertification
Desertification leads to change in climate
Mud slides
Urban Sprawl
Decrease in species on earth
Environmental Issues : Environmental Issues Deforestation
Damage due to pollution
Damage due to commercialization
Damage due to land use needs
Desertification
Acid Rain
Radioactive Sites
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
CO2
Great Britain : Great Britain Reluctantly gives up its imperial lands
Joins the European Economic Community
Moved towards conservatism in the 1980’s under Margaret Thatcher
Developing nations : Developing nations In the 21st century the industrialization nations will continue to fall behind the developing nations and will continue to fall behind the developing nations as a percentage of world population: at current rates, 95% of all future population growth will be in developing regions, particularly in Africa and in the Muslim countries
In Asia, the populations of China and India continued to grow despite government efforts to reduce family size. Unclear whether these D.N.s will experience the demographic transition seen in the industrialized countries- but fertility rates have fallen some
Unequal Development & Movement of Peoples : Unequal Development & Movement of Peoples Since 1945 global economic productivity has created unprecedented level of material abundance. At the same time, industrialized nations enjoy a larger share of the world’s wealth – majority of the world lives in poverty
Migration from developing to developed has increased substantially
Leads to increase in racial & ethnic tensions
Europe & America will face increased numbers of Muslim populations as well as cross-cultural contact
Asia Southwestern, Central, East : Asia Southwestern, Central, East
China : China
World : World
Slide66 : II. The West and the World: Decolonization and the Cold War
A. End of Empires
Burma
Aung San (1915-1947) India
Subhas Chandra Bose (1897-1945)
National Army, WWII
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)
Palestine
Israel, 1948 Ghana
Kwame Nkrumah (1957-1966) Kenya
Jomo Kenyatta (1963-1978) Indochina
Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969)
French defeated, 1954 Algeria
Franco-Algerian War, 1954-1962
Slide67 : II. The West and the World: Decolonization and the Cold War
(A. End of Empires)
Kenya
Jomo Kenyatta (1963-1978)
Indochina
Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969)
French defeated, 1954
Algeria
Franco-Algerian War, 1954-1962
Slide68 : American Civil Rights Movement
NAACP, 1910
Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968)
South Africa
Afrikaner Nationalist Party from1948
Apartheid
"No Trial" Act, 1963
Slide69 : Third World
Indonesia
Ahmed Sukarno (1949-1966)
Bandung Conference, 1955
"Nonaligned"