geog400 06 grove ch 5

Slide1 : Chapter 5 Political Geography


Slide2 : Political Geography The Map as a Statement of Politics The Geography of Elections The Presidential Votes 1988-2004 and Others Different maps yields different insights Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces Unitary and Federal States Local Governments Counties, Townships, Municipalities, Special Purpose Districts Annexation Strategies NB: From River to Rail to Rubber relevance The Geographic Basis of Representation Proportional vs ‘Winner-Take-All’ UK, Canada, US Governing Systems Shifting Population, Power, + Politics in the US Political System Gerrymandering and Congressional Redistricting Opponent-Concentration vs Opponent-Dispersion One Person, One Vote?? Reapportionment Revolution -- Community of Interest, Ethnic/Racial Representation Texas and Ohio Examples NAFTA Common Market and Free Trade Association Concept Comparative Advantage Impacts


Slide3 : GGQ Fig 5.1: Voter Turnout 1996 Presidential Election


Slide4 : Pop Bulletin 50 (4), 1996, p. 23, Figure 8: The US at Mid-Decade


Slide5 : From: http://www.uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/


Slide6 : From: http://www.uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/


Slide7 : From: http://www.uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/


Slide8 : From: http://www.uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/ States shaded lighter red or Lighter blue favored the indicated Candidate, but by less than 50%


Slide9 : From: http://www.uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/


Slide10 : From: http://www.uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/


Slide19 : GGQ Fig 3.11 Township + Range System


Slide20 : Replacement of the Metes and Bounds System of parceling land (used natural features such as rivers-rocks-trees to demarcate property lines; still dominates East coast and Southeast locales) – with the Township and Range system (Figure 3.11) (1) land subdivided into squares, (2) lines ran E-W and N-S, a township was six miles on a side (6 sq miles), (3) each divided into 36 sections of one mile on a side (1 sq mile; 640 acres), (4) a quarter section (160 acres) was considered standard size for a farm; (5) road-field boundaries usually follow the straight lines of surveying system, (6) giving rise to the checkerboard pattern dominating Midwest landscapes. The Township and Range system -- cultural artifact which remains with us today and is central to the populist concept of the Family Farm. The phrase ‘40 acres and a mule’, seems related to the Township and Range system. System first used in eastern Ohio A MAJOR legacy of the period!!


Slide21 : Local Government -- something to which we all relate -- 3000-plus counties (parishes in Louisiana), -- myriad of townships and municipalities, -- and special purpose districts -- all a kind of jurisdictional unit -- Size of counties varies enormously; from 24 sq mi to 20,000 sq miles!! (San Bernardino California). -- Many townships (21 states) were created by the Land Ordinance of 1785, specified use of Township and Range system (GGQ Figure 3.11), -- Special Purpose Districts include school districts, airports, libraries, law enforcement, water service, pollution, utilities, fire districts, area codes, Ohio State University, Victorian Village, etc. Annexation, important dimension of local government and urban fortunes. Cities like Cleveland, Cincinnati -- “land-locked” by suburban municipalities; Others like Columbus, Indianapolis -- aggressively pursued annexation, therefore, spread far beyond original boundaries. Tool of annexation is extension of special purpose districts to provide services such as water, trash pickup, schools, etc. Annexation also expands the tax base of the annexing city; may simplify governance structures, be attractive for new/expanding economic activity.


Slide22 : From: Columbus Dispatch City starting to concede it may have growing pains Annexation on Far West Side tabled; corridor plan rejected Monday, February 09, 2004 NB: Use of Hayden Run Road to Connect w/ Columbus


Slide23 : • Columbus City Council tabled request to annex 171 acres south of Bolton Field … "a heightened concern" that city not able to provide necessary services. • Columbus Development Commission reject[ed]’s Hayden Run Corridor Plan … two-lane country roads could not handle surge in traffic if 2,606 houses were built Mayor Coleman’s "pay as we grow" plan … city can’t bear cost alone … developers and residents could pay fees for costs of new services. On the agenda … Should Columbus change policies in place since the 1950s that require annexation before the city extends sewer and water lines? Mayor Coleman disagrees with Chief Jackson about annexation … Columbus must keep growing to stay economically viable. "Mayor Coleman, like all public officials, is beginning to recognize we cannot continue to grow without considering the impact of growth (on residents).“ "Annexation always been very good for Columbus. If we stop growing and doing development, we’re going to be Youngstown." “The development plan for Hayden Run makes sense because it provides housing for the common guy; new housing in Dublin and Hilliard out of reach for the middle class. “ “[I’m] wary because Columbus City Hall has a history of being too cozy with developers; I don’t think the common person gets their concerns given due weight."


Slide24 : From: Columbus Dispatch City starting to concede it may have growing pains Annexation on Far West Side tabled; corridor plan rejected Monday, February 09, 2004 NB: Ratio of Services to Sq Mile Has Changed little Since 1994


Slide25 : GGQ Fig 5.4: Political Fragmentation in Champaign County, Ill


Slide26 : Political Geography The Map as a Statement of Politics The Geography of Elections The Presidential Votes 1988-2004 and Others Different maps yields different insights Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces Unitary and Federal States Local Governments Counties, Townships, Municipalities, Special Purpose Districts Annexation Strategies NB: From River to Rail to Rubber relevance The Geographic Basis of Representation Proportional vs ‘Winner-Take-All’ UK, Canada, US Governing Systems Shifting Population, Power, + Politics in the US Political System Gerrymandering and Congressional Redistricting Opponent-Concentration vs Opponent-Dispersion One Person, One Vote?? Reapportionment Revolution -- Community of Interest, Ethnic/Racial Representation Texas and Ohio Examples NAFTA Common Market and Free Trade Association Concept Comparative Advantage Impacts


Slide27 : GGQ Fig 4.1: Pop Centers of the US NB: Proximity of 1800 Center to Washington DC


Slide28 : GGQ Fig 5.5: Note the Washington Monument!!


Slide30 : Representation: Bedrock Belief, but US-Canada: Winner-Take-All, not Proportional Election system UK: House of Lords not Elected or Attached to Place; Commons, Attached to place, not necessarily from, tie often (very) weak Canada: Senate (105), must own property, reside in place, but appointed by Prime Minister; Commons (301), seats apportioned according to province population share, local district is the “riding” US: Senate (2 per state = 100), resides in state, elected; Representatives (435 mandated), apportioned according to state population share, local unit is the “district” Hence, in both US and Canada: Territorial units have direct representation in national govt; Distinct tie of elected person to place, thru residence


Slide31 : Shifts in Apportionment of Congressional Seats as the Result of the 1980 Census From: Richard Morrill, Political Redistricting and Geographic Theory, AAG Resource Publication, 1981, Fig 1


Slide32 : Source: http://www.nemw.org/delegate.htm


Slide34 : GGQ Fig 5.7: The Original Gerrymander


Slide35 : GGQ Fig 5.8: Alternative Redistricting Strategies


Slide36 : From: http://images.chron.com/content/news/photos/04/01/07/a-redist.jpg, Jan. 6, 2004


Slide37 : http://www.fairvote.org/redistricting/reports/remanual/oh.htm http://www.ncec.org/redistricting/district.phtml?district=oh108


Slide38 : Redistricting is Alive and Well 1900-1960 – Many states put off the mandated every-ten-years Redistricting Result: Urban areas grew, but political power retained in Rural Areas Rural areas maintained and increased relative political power Mal- or Mis-Apportionment 1962 Supreme Court, Tennessee case declared Mal-Apportionment unconstitutional; “one person, one vote” declared the criteria GGQ calls this beginning of the Reapportionment Revolution In addition to “one person, one vote” other criteria include – Contiguity, Compactness, Respect Existing Political Units Community of Interest a subsequent criterion Common economic, social, political, cultural interests From this -- Explicit Representation of Minority Populations (race/ethnicity) Roots in 1965 Voting Rights Act Cottage Industry for Geographers and Other Spatial Analysts


Slide39 : GGQ Fig. 5.9: North Carolina for African American Populations


Slide40 : GGF Fig 9: Irregular Race-Favored Districts, After 1990


Slide41 : For given number of districts, an algorithm that -- Minimizes aggregate travel among the district’s population (compactness); (b) All parts of each district are spatially adjacent to at least one of its other parts (contiguity); (c) All districts have more or less equal population; (d) Minority +/or Ethnic populations are spread among districts (akin to “Opponent-Dispersion”), or alternatively, if minority/ethnic representation is sought, create a majority in x districts (akin to “Opponent-Concentration”); (e) Define voting districts according to existing political boundaries. From: http://www.fairvote.org/redistricting/reports/remanual/oh.htm “SUMMARY “Because the GOP failed to produce a map last year, the state Democrats won a chance to have a say in the remapping of Ohio. The new map generally strengthens Democratic districts, but eliminates James Traficant, who may run against a fellow Democrat. “


Slide42 : Political Geography The Map as a Statement of Politics The Geography of Elections The Presidential Votes 1988-2004 and Others Different maps yields different insights Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces Unitary and Federal States Local Governments Counties, Townships, Municipalities, Special Purpose Districts Annexation Strategies NB: From River to Rail to Rubber relevance The Geographic Basis of Representation Proportional vs ‘Winner-Take-All’ UK, Canada, US Governing Systems Shifting Population, Power, + Politics in the US Political System Gerrymandering and Congressional Redistricting Opponent-Concentration vs Opponent-Dispersion One Person, One Vote?? Reapportionment Revolution -- Community of Interest, Ethnic/Racial Representation Texas and Ohio Examples NAFTA Common Market and Free Trade Association Concept Comparative Advantage Impacts


Slide43 : NAFTA; North American Free Trade Association Canada, US, Mexico; Initiated 1/1/94 Free Trade Association vs Common Market Comparative Advantage is a Central Organizing Force Division over NAFTA (GGQ Figure 5.16) Supported by States by Mexican Border, Central + South Prairie States, West; Economic Opportunity, Strong Existing Mexican Ties, Labor Needs Opposed by Northern Prairie States, AMB States, Old South States; Economic Centrality of Agriculture, More Unionized, Textile Production Impact on Trade and Economy -- -- Tri-lateral trade increased 71% between 1994 and 1999; -- Canada-US increased 47% and Canada-Mexico increased 91%; -- Mexico-US/Canada increased 137%; -- US-Mexico rose 110%; -- Mexico elevated to US’s second largest trading partner, after Canada (and replacing Japan); -- Border areas of Mexico-US and US-Canada have grown significantly in economic activities and population, and even more in the future -- Mexico-US border area in particular should be leading growth region -- Will re-balance the fulcrum of economic activity in the US.


Slide44 : GGQ Fig. 5.16: NAFTA Vote 1993, House of Representatives NB: Colors for “Yea” and “Nay” are reversed; Green is Yea, Yellow is Nay. But numbers for Yea and Nay are correct; 234 Yea, 200 Nay


Slide45 : Mexico’s Detroit (NYT 1992) Coincident with NAFTA passing through Congress


Slide46 : GGQ Location of the Cotton Textile Industry (p 185)


Slide47 : CHAPTER 7: INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATION


Slide48 : CHAPTER 8: MODERN TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS


Slide49 : CHAPTER 9: CITIES