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College English (Integrated Course 4): 

College English (Integrated Course 4) Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature Text A: The Icy Defender Napoleon Bonaparte

I. Pre-Reading: Proverbs and Quotations: 

I. Pre-Reading: Proverbs and Quotations Understand the following proverbs and quotations: 1. Nature, to be commanded, must be obeyed. ----Francis Bacon 2. An army marches on its stomach. 3. He that forecasts all perils will never sail the sea. 4. All delays are dangerous in war. ----John Drydon 5. In war, whichever side may call itself the victor, there are no winners, but all are losers. ----Nerille Chamberlain

I. Pre-Reading: Proverbs and Quotations: 

6. The man who has made up his mind to win will never say “impossible.” ---Napoleon Bonaparte 7. I succeeded because I willed it; I never hesitated. ---Napoleon Bonaparte 8. To really understand a man we must judge him in misfortune. ---Napoleon Bonaparte 9. He who fears being conquered is sure of defeat. ---Napoleon Bonaparte I. Pre-Reading: Proverbs and Quotations

II. Cultural Notes: 

II. Cultural Notes 1. Background Information Throughout the history of mankind, there have been many conquerors. Chengis Khan (http://163.sh.cn/jy/yyz/aq6/200411/31369.html) spent his entire life conquering neighboring peoples and expanding the Mongolian Empire. Many Roman Emperors did the same for the Roman empire—so much so that at one time they ruled modern-day Great Britain. Both the Mongolian and Roman Empires had their rise and fall in the distant past.

Slide5: 

Yet if we want to examine conquerors, there is no need to go back that far. In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Russia in a war of conquest which ended in failure. More than a century later, Adolf Hitler launched a massive military campaign against the Soviet Union, which again ended in failure. II. Cultural Notes

2. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) (http://youth.furong.gov.cn/XXLR1.ASP?ID=5280): 

2. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) (http://youth.furong.gov.cn/XXLR1.ASP?ID=5280) II. Cultural Notes

Slide7: 

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) II. Cultural Notes

3. The Battle of Waterloo (http://www.trabel.com/waterloo/waterloo-thebattle.htm): 

3. The Battle of Waterloo (http://www.trabel.com/waterloo/waterloo-thebattle.htm) Final and decisive action of the Napoleonic Wars, that effectively ended French domination of the European continent and brought about drastic changes in the political boundaries and the power balance of Europe. Fought on June 18, 1815, near Waterloo, in what is now Belgium, the battle ranks as a great turning point in modern history. II. Cultural Notes

4. Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERhitler.htm): 

4. Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERhitler.htm) German political and military leader and one of the 20th century’s most powerful dictators. He converted Germany into a fully militarized society and launched World War 2 in 1939.He hoped to conquer the world, and for a time dominated most of Europe and much of North Africa. He instituted sterilization and euthanasia measures to enforce his idea of racial purity among the German people and slaughtered millions of Jews and other nations. II. Cultural Notes

5. Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSstalin.htm): 

5. Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSstalin.htm) General secretary of the Communist Party of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Under his leadership the USSR was built into a modern economic and military power that repelled Hitler’s armies in World War 2 and rivaled the United States during the Cold War period. II. Cultural Notes

5. Siege of Leningrad: 

5. Siege of Leningrad II. Cultural Notes

6. Stalingrad: 

II. Cultural Notes 6. Stalingrad

Slide13: 

II. Cultural Notes 7. World War II (1939-1945) (http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwtwo/)

Slide14: 

7. World War II (1939-1945) A war whose European operations took place between the Axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and the Allies (Britain, France, and later the USSR and the USA). China and other countries were also involved in the war, fighting against the aggression of Japan in Asia. The war in Europe started when Germany, under Adolf Hitler and the Nazis, invaded and took control of some European countries and Allies wanted to prevent German power from growing in this way. Britain declared war on II. Cultural Notes

Slide15: 

Germany in September 1939 when German troops entered Poland, and soon afterwards Winston Churchill, who in Britain is closely associated with the Allies’ victory in the war, became the British Prime Minister. In 1940 German air force attacked Britain repeatedly but was not successful, mainly because of the British victory in the Battle of Britain. In 1941 Germany invade Russia and Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, an action which brought the US into the war. In 1942 Japan expanded its control of Asia but II. Cultural Notes

Slide16: 

was later checked by Allied forces in the Pacific. In the same year, at the Battle of El Alamein, Allied forces began to defeat Germany and Italy in northern Africa. In 1943 the Allies landed in Italy and Russia began to advance on Germany from the east. In June 1944 the Allies invaded northern Europe with the Normandy landings and began to defeat Germany in Europe. The war ended in May 1945 when the Allies took control of Germany. Hitler killed himself, and Japan was defeated a few months later. II. Cultural Notes

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8. Chronology of World War II II. Cultural Notes

Slide18: 

II. Cultural Notes 8. Chronology of World War II

Slide19: 

III. Text Organization

Slide20: 

IV. Comprehension Questions Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

Slide21: 

IV. Comprehension Questions

Slide22: 

Answer the following questions according to the text: 1. What does “the icy defender” refer to? The “icy defender” refers to the severe winter of Moscow. 2. What did Napoleon expect when he assembled his army to attack Russia? He expected a quick victory, predicted the conquest of Russia in five weeks. 3. What did the Russians do in the face of Napoleon’s offensive? What strategy did the Russians adopt? The Russians retreated eastward, burning their crops and homes as they went. IV. Comprehension Questions

Slide23: 

4. What did Napoleon discover after he occupied Moscow? He found that the occupation of the city was an empty victory. 5. What happened to Napoleon’s army when it was retreating from Moscow? The Russians launched hit-and-run attacks on the French. 6. How many soldiers were there left after the army limped to Vilna? Less than one hundred thousand were left. 7. What did Napoleon do when Paris was captured? He abdicated and went into exile. IV. Comprehension Questions

College English (Integrated Course 4): 

College English (Integrated Course 4) Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature Text A: The Icy Defender Napoleon Bonaparte

V. Text Analysis: 

V. Text Analysis

V. Text Analysis: 

V. Text Analysis

V. Text Analysis: 

V. Text Analysis

VI. Language Study (I): 

VI. Language Study (I) Introductory Paragraph 1. In the case of : as far as…is concerned --The rise in interest rate will be disastrous in the case of small firms. --Formal training will take at least 3 years in the case of interior decoration. 2. stand/get/be in the way: prevent from doing sth. --Many teachers complain that they can’t make any improvement in teaching methods as the existing exam system is in the way. --Fierce competition keeps getting in the way of kids’ development.

VI. Language Study (I): 

VI. Language Study (I) 3. raw (L5): cold and wet; not cooked, refined, processed, organized or analyzed --The events took place on a raw February morning. --He feared eating raw fish at the dinner party. --Industrial plants processed the raw material into finished products for export and for domestic consumption. 4. launch (L7): start; send on its course --The company is to launch a promotion campaign next month to increase its turnover. --The Soviet Union launched the world’s first artificial satellite into space on Oct. 4,1957.

VI. Language Study (I): 

5. campaign (L10): a series of military operations or planned activities with a particular aim --Hitler’s advisers tried to persuade him to avoid the risks of a winter campaign in the Soviet Union and wait until spring. 6. Come to the aid of sb.(L11): help or aid Also see: come to one’s aid/rescue --The long-expected rain came to the aid of the stranded ships in the river. --The police came to their rescue 15 minutes after they called 110. VI. Language Study (I)

VI. Language Study (I): 

VI. Language Study (I) 7. efficient (L15): able to work well or producing a satisfactory result without wasting time or resources --Remote terminals in the home, connected to data banks, make the home the most efficient place to work in many cases. --To cut back on fossil fuels, we should build more efficient cars.

VI. Language Study (I): 

7. conquest (L16): conquering, defeat --The year 1939 had witnessed the conquest of Poland by Germany. --Hitler assumed the conquest of USSR would be simple. 8. Decisive (L19): producing a definite result or conclusion; having or showing the ability to decide quickly --Most of the decisive land campaigns of World War I occurred on the continent of Europe. --The adoption of the euro is widely viewed as a decisive step toward a single European government. VI. Language Study (I)

VI. Language Study (I): 

9. retreat (L21): move back or withdraw when faced with danger or difficulty --After a fierce battle, the troops retreated southward. --We adopted the following strategies: when the enemy advances, we retreat; when they retreat, we pursue. 10. be/get bogged down (L22): be unable to make progress --Most of the tanks were bogged down because of mechanical defects and inexperienced crews. --The local government got bogged down in problems of how to handle the emission of hazardous chemicals by industrial facilities. VI. Language Study (I)

College English (Integrated Course 4): 

College English (Integrated Course 4) Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature Text A: The Icy Defender Napoleon Bonaparte

VI. Language Study (I): 

11. engage (L24): begin fighting with sb; take part in or do; occupy or attract sb’s interest, etc. --The commander ordered the soldiers to engage the enemy immediately. --I have no time to engage in gossip. --We failed to engage any active support for our project. engage (sb.) in sth.: (cause to) take part in sth. --The two countries are currently engaged in lengthy trade negotiations. --The teacher tried to engage the shy boy in conversation. VI. Language Study (I)

VI. Language Study (I): 

12. be faced with (L27): have to deal with --The assistants were faced with the huge task of listing all the books. --I am faced with the awful job of breaking the news to the boy’s family. 13. crucial (L27): very important (followed by to) --Amazingly, our soccer team won the victory in the crucial final game. --Improved consumer confidence is crucial to economic recovery. VI. Language Study (I)

VI. Language Study (I): 

14. take a gamble (L30): take a risk --The company took a gamble by cutting the price of their products, and it paid off. --I think she’s taking a gamble investing all her money in stocks. 15. press on/ahead (L30): continue doing sth. in a determined way --Our school authorities are keen to press on with educational reform. --Organizers of the strike are determined to press on. VI. Language Study (I)

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16. occupation (L36): the seizure and control of a country or areas;one’s trade, profession, or business --During the Japanese occupation of China, millions of innocent Chinese people were killed by Japanese soldiers. --Many schools have struggled to meet the educational requirements of new technology-based occupations. VI. Language Study (I)

Slide39: 

17. bide one’s time (L39): wait patiently for a chance --His political rivals are biding their time for an attack on his policies. --He bided his time until Harvard University offered him a professorship. 18. minus (L40): below zero; made less by; slightly lower than the mark stated --Tomorrow’s temperature will be as low as minus ten degrees centigrade. --I got B minus in the final examination which made me very upset. VI. Language Study (I)

Slide40: 

19. drag on (L50): move slowly and with effort; continue endlessly and tediously --These compensation cases have already dragged on for one year. --How much longer is the meeting going to drag on? 20. stroke (L54): any of a series of repeated movements; single successful or effective action or occurrence; blow --I saw a chance of solving all my problems at a stroke. --He drove in a nail with one stroke of the hammer. --He won a car in the lottery last week. That’s his first stroke of good luck. VI. Language Study (I)

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21. at the cost of (L55): with the loss of --Berman saved Johnson at the cost of his own life. --The local government developed its economy but at the cost of environment. 22. limp (L56): walk with difficulty, especially when one foot or leg is hurt --That dog must be hurt—it’s limping. --I injured my ankle and had to limp. --During the race he fell down but he kept to limp on. VI. Language Study (I)

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23. weaken (L58): (cause to) become weak or weaker --The Asian financial crisis severely weakened some countries. --Pneumonia often proves fatal to people with a weakened immune system. c.f.: adj. + en >>>>> verb --sharpen, soften, widen, harden, redden, tighten, loosen, …… VI. Language Study (I)

Slide43: 

24. alliance (L60): a union or an association formed for mutual benefit --NATO is considered as the most powerful military alliance in modern history. --Japan and Germany made their formal alliance in 1940. 25. declaration (L65): formally announcing; a formal announcement (followed by of) --The Japanese attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941 without a declaration of war. --The opening speeches sounded like declarations of war. VI. Language Study (I)

Slide44: 

26. invasion (L66): an entering or being entered by an attacking military force --The country remained free from invasion for 60 years. --On Hitler’s orders, the invasion of Poland began on September 1,1939. 27. catch sb. off guard (L71): take sb. by surprise --The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard. --The manager didn’t know what to say, it was clear that my question had caught him off guard. VI. Language Study (I)

Slide45: 

28. instruct (L71): give orders or directions to somebody --The family has instructed solicitors to sue Thomson for compensation. --The professor instructed us that we had one month to conduct the project. --He instructed family members in nursing techniques. VI. Language Study (I)

College English (Integrated Course 4): 

College English (Integrated Course 4) Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature Text A: The Icy Defender Napoleon Bonaparte

Slide47: 

29. render (L73): cause (sb.\sth) to be in a specified condition --Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake. --The drug will render the tiger harmless for up to two hours. --He was rendered unconscious by a blow on the back of the neck. VI. Language Study (I)

Slide48: 

30. casualty (L75): a person who is killed or injured in war or in an accident --The precise number of casualties in yesterday’s bomb explosion is not known. 31. close in on/around (L76): come near to, esp. in order to attack from several directions; surround --Hitler committed suicide as Soviet forces were closing in on Berlin. --Right after the suicide explosion, Israeli troops began to close in on the Palestinian city. --The soccer fans closed in on the umpire when the game was over. VI. Language Study (I)

Slide49: 

32. die from/of (L79) : have as the cause of death --Some animals died of starvation in the snow. All the plants were dying from lack of rain. 33. run out (L79): be used up --I’ll go shopping for some stationery. The copying paper has run out. --Natural resources will run out someday. The human beings have to look for substitutes. cf. (sth.) run out (man) run out of sth. --We are running out of fuel. VI. Language Study (I)

Slide50: 

34. siege (L81): a military operation in which an army tries to capture a town, etc. by surrounding it and stopping the supply of food, etc. to the people inside. --We must do everything possible to lift the siege. --They are hopeful of bringing the siege to a peaceful conclusion. --The city was under siege for six months. VI. Language Study (I)

Slide51: 

35. bring to a halt (L91): stop completely --Air traffic in Poland had been brought to a halt by an air traffic controllers’ strike. --Our journey was brought to a halt by a storm. 36. offensive (92): aggressive action, attack --The Red Army brought its winter offensive to a successful conclusion. --In January 1944 a Soviet offensive raised the long siege of Leningrad. --Faced with the invasion, they took immediate offensive action. VI. Language Study (I)

Slide52: 

37. turn the tide (against) (L102): change what looks like defeat into victory (over) --The appearance of Joan of Arc turned the tide of war. --Soviet victory in Stalingrad turned the tide of the war in Europe. 38. thanks to (L103): because of --Thanks to her financial support, the two children in the remote village could go to school. --Thanks to their tireless efforts, the performance was a great success. VI. Language Study (I)

Slide53: 

39. heroic (L107): having the characteristics of a hero; very brave --The heroic soldier saved the girl at the cost of his own life --His heroic deeds were appreciated by all the people in the community. 40. reckon (L114): count; consider; think --The existence of the U.S. is reckoned from the Declaration of Independence. --Many people reckon him to be a great basketball player. --All these problems have to be reckoned with as they arose. VI. Language Study (I)

Slide54: 

41. toll (L116): the number of people or animals killed or injured in particular circumstances; money paid for the use of a bridge or road. --The toll of road deaths and injuries is on the rise. --The local government was allowed to charge tolls for the use of the roads. take one’s/ a toll: cause damage, injuries or deaths of/on --His hard work has taken its toll on his stomach. VI. Language Study (I)

College English (Integrated Course 4): 

College English (Integrated Course 4) Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature Text A: The Icy Defender Napoleon Bonaparte

Slide56: 

Compare and Contrast Look up the following pairs of words and see the differences between them. 1. soil / earth 2. campaign / battle 3. decisive / crucial 4. stick / bog 5. attack / assault 6. flee / retreat VII. Language Study (II)

Slide57: 

Compare and Contrast 1. soil: the top layer of the earth in which plants grow; --on British soil/French soil: in Britain, in France --sb’s native soil: sb’s own country earth: the world that we live in substance that plants grow in the hard surface of the world, as opposed to sea --what/why/how on earth: used when you are asking a question about sth. that you are very surprised or annoyed about VII. Language Study (II)

Slide58: 

Compare and Contrast 2. Campaign: a series of actions intended to achieve particular result, especially in politics or business; a series of battles, attacks intended to achieve particular result in a war. Battle: a fight between opposing armies, groups of ships etc, especially one that is part of a larger war; a situation in which opposing groups or people compete or argue with each other when trying to achieve success or control VII. Language Study (II)

Slide59: 

Compare and Contrast 3. decisive: an action, event etc. that has a powerful effect on the final result of something; leading to a clear result and ending doubt; to be one of the most important causes of sth.; definite and not able to be doubted. crucial: something that is crucial is extremely important because everything else depends on it VII. Language Study (II)

Slide60: 

Compare and Contrast 4. stick: push, if a pointed object sticks into sth or you stick it into sth., it is pushed into it; =fix, to fix sth to sth-else with a sticky substance, or to become fixed to a surface =difficult to move, if sth sticks it becomes fixed in one position so that is is difficult to move bog: to become too involved in thinking about or dealing with one particular thing; to become stuck in muddy ground and be unable to move VII. Language Study (II)

Slide61: 

Compare and Contrast 5. Assault: the crime of attacking someone; a military attack to take control of a place controlled by the enemy; an attempt to achieve sth. difficult, especially using physical force. Attack: an act of deliberately using violence against someone; the act of using weapons against an enemy in a war; a statement that criticizes someone strongly. VII. Language Study (II)

Slide62: 

Compare and Contrast 6. flee: to leave somewhere very quickly in order to escape from danger; --We were forced to flee the country. retreat: to walk back and away from someone or sth. because you are afraid or embarrassed; to move away from the enemy after being defeated in battle; to go away to a place that is quiet or safe; to change your mind about a promise you have made because the situation has become too difficult. VII. Language Study (II)

VII. Language Study (II): Structure: 

VII. Language Study (II): Structure 1. (L8) …launched an attack against the Soviet Union, as Russia then was called. as作关系代词，引导定语从句，表示正如，这一点,….一样: --She is a doctor, as is her husband He is very careful, as we all know. --As is well-known, Taiwan belongs to China. 　另外,当先行词被the same, such等词修饰时,常用as来引导定语从句。如: --Such a clever girl as she can learn anything quickly. --I was reading the same book as he bought yesterday.

VII. Language Study (II): Structure: 

VII. Language Study (II): Structure 2. (L16) Napoleon, confident of a quick victory, predicted the conquest of Russia in five weeks. 形容词短语、分词短语等用作状语，表示原因： --The manager, convinced of the possible business risks, agreed to give up the original plan. --The audience, greatly affected by his speech, all voiced support for the proposal. 3. (L20) To his surprise, the Russians refused to… To one’s relief/delight/satisfaction/disappointment/ regret/….

VII. Language Study (II): Structure: 

VII. Language Study (II): Structure 4. (L21) …they retreated eastward, burning their crops and homes as they went (L50) The French soldiers dragged on, leaving the dead along every mile. 分词短语做状语，表示“同时。” --The hurricane visited the town, leaving 300 deaths. 5. (L61-62) Napoleon abdicated and went into exile, his empire at an end. 独立结构做状语，表示结果。

VIII. Post Reading: Review of Vocabulary: 

VIII. Post Reading: Review of Vocabulary

VIII. Post Reading: Review of Vocabulary: 

VIII. Post Reading: Review of Vocabulary

VIII. Post Reading: Review of Vocabulary: 

VIII. Post Reading: Review of Vocabulary

VIII. Post Reading: Points for discussion: 

VIII. Post Reading: Points for discussion In what way was Hitler’s offensive against the Soviet Union similar to Napoleons’ campaign against Russia? In what way were they different?

VIII. Post Reading: Points for discussion: 

The harsh Russian winter was an important factor that led to Napoleon’s and Hitler’s defeat, but it was not the only one. The Russians had strong will-power and they united together to fight the enemies. VIII. Post Reading: Points for discussion 2. Do you think the harsh Russian winter the only factor that led to Napoleon’s and Hitler’s defeat? Why or why not?

VIII. Post Reading: Points for discussion: 

Prussian military strategist Karl von Clausewitz said, “War is nothing but the continuation of politics with the admixture of other means.” The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English defines war as “fighting between two or more countries or opposing groups within a country, involving large numbers of soldiers and weapons.” VIII. Post Reading: Points for discussion 3. How do you define “war” and do you think war can be avoided in today’s world? Why or why not?

VIII. Post Reading: Blank Filling: 

VIII. Post Reading: Blank Filling Fill in each blank in the following paragraph with appropriate words and phrases from the text.

IX. Key to Exercises: Vocabulary: 

IX. Key to Exercises: Vocabulary I-1. Fill in the gaps with words and phrases … 1) alliance 2) heroic 3) stroke 4) limp 5) minus 6) religious 7) declarations

IX. Key to Exercises: Vocabulary: 

IX. Key to Exercises: Vocabulary Vocabulary I-1. Fill in the gaps with words and phrases … 8) siege 9) raw 10) retreat 11) have taken their toll 12) In the case of 13) campaign 14. at the cost of 15) has been brought to a halt

IX. Key to Exercises: Vocabulary: 

Vocabulary I-2. Use the verb in brackets to form an appropriate phrasal verb …… 1) is faced with 2) get bogged down 3) is pressing on/ pressed on 4) drag on 5) picking up 6) falling apart 7) cut back 8) take over IX. Key to Exercises: Vocabulary

IX. Key to Exercises: Vocabulary: 

Vocabulary I-3. Rewrite each sentence with the word or phrase in brackets… 1) The rapid advance in gene therapy may lead to the conquest of cancer in the near future. 2) The border dispute between the two countries resulted in thousands of casualties. 3) Sara has made up her mind that her leisure interests will/should never get in the way of her career. 4) Obviously the reporters’ questions caught the foreign minister off guard. 5) The introduction of the electronic calculator has rendered the slide rule out of date/obsolete. IX. Key to Exercises: Vocabulary

IX. Key to Exercises: Vocabulary: 

Vocabulary I-4. Complete the following sentences, using…… 1) the occupation of; retreat to; regions 2) crucial to; efficient; to reckon with; weaken; be brought to a halt 3) a heroic; the decisive; turned the tide; siege; by launching IX. Key to Exercises: Vocabulary

IX. Key to Exercises: Vocabulary: 

II. More Synonyms in Context 1) During the First World War, battles occurred … Some of the most dramatic fighting occurred (took place) in the gloomy trenches of …. 2) Elizabeth…and her preparations (homework/ efforts) paid off. 3) I spent hours…but he turned a deaf ear to all my talk (words) 4) Pneumonia had …and I wondered how her weak (fragile) body could withstand the severe weather. IX. Key to Exercises: Vocabulary

IX. Key to Exercises: Vocabulary: 

III. Usage (Verb + adj.) 1) But often it is not until we fall ill that we finally learn to appreciate good health. 2) A rich old lady lay dead at home for two weeks ----and nobody knew anything about it. 3) It is said that he dropped dead from a heart attack when he was at work. 4) Don’t sit too close to the fire to keep warm --- you could easily get burned, especially if you fall asleep. 5) In those days people believed in marrying young and having children early. 6) Little Tom was unable to sit still for longer than a few minutes. IX. Key to Exercises: Vocabulary

IX. Key to Exercises: Structure: 

Structure 1. Rewrite the following sentences after the model: 1) To his great delight, Doctor Deng discovered two genes in wild rice that can increase the yield by 30 percent. 2) To her great relief, her daughter had left the building before it collapsed. 3) To our disappointment, our women’s team lost out to the North Koreans. 4) We think, to our regret, that we will not be able to visit you during the coming Christmas. IX. Key to Exercises: Structure

IX. Key to Exercises: Structure: 

Structure 2. Study the following examples, paying attention to the different ways of expressing the location of a place. 1) …in the vast swamps (which lies to the) east of the Nile. 2) …had gained control of the vast areas north of the Yangtze River. 3) …was born in a small village in the north of France. 4) continues/runs through the U.S. for about 1900 kilometers west of the Rocky Mountains. IX. Key to Exercises: Structure

IX. Key to Exercises: Cloze: 

IX. Key to Exercises: Cloze Comprehensive Exercises I. Cloze A 1) invasion 2) stand in the way 3) Conquest 4) catching…off his guard 5) launching 6) declaration 7) campaign 8) drag on 9) reckon with 10) die from 11) bringing …to a halt

IX. Key to Exercises: Cloze: 

IX. Key to Exercises: Cloze Comprehensive Exercises Cloze B 1) In 2) since 3) the 4) and 5) it 6) that/which 7) of/about 8) across 9) to 10) lost 11) to 12) with 13) Buried 14) in 15) than 16. Between 17) from 18) to 19) down

IX. Key to Exercises: Translation: 

IX. Key to Exercises: Translation II. Translation: 1.攻势已经持续了三天，但是我们并没有取得多少进展。 The offensive had already lasted three days, but we had not gained much ground. 2.我们在前线与敌人交战的部队遇到了强力的抵抗。 Our troops engaging the enemy at the front were faced with strong resistance. 3.师长(division commander)命令我们营(battalion)绕到敌人后方发起突然袭击。 The division commander instructed our battalion to get around to the rear of the enemy and launch a surprise attack.

IX. Key to Exercises: Translation: 

4. 然而，要绕到敌人后方，我们必须越过一片沼泽地。我们很多人担心会陷入泥潭之中。 To do so, however, we had to cross a marshland and many of us were afraid we might get bogged down in the mud. 5. 我们营长决定冒一下险。 Our battalion commander decided to take a gamble. 6. 我们在夜幕掩盖下出发，不顾困难，奋勇向前。 We started under cover of darkness and pressed on in spite of great difficulties. IX. Key to Exercises: Translation

IX. Key to Exercises: Translation: 

7.幸运的是，夜间温度突然下降到摄氏零下20度，烂泥地都结上了冰。 By a stroke of luck, the temperature at night suddenly dropped to minus 20 degrees Celsius and the marsh froze over. 8. 由于这寒冷的天气，我们于天亮前到达并从敌人后方发起进攻。 Thanks to the cold weather, we arrived at our destination before dawn and began attacking the enemy from the rear. IX. Key to Exercises: Translation

IX. Key to Exercises: Translation: 

9. 这一下扭转了战局。敌人没有戒备，不久便投降了。 This turned the tide of the battle. The enemy, caught off guard, soon surrendered. IX. Key to Exercises: Translation

IX. Key to Exercises: Translation: 

II. Translation: Translate the following passage into English, using the words and phrases given. 攻势已经持续了三天，但是我们并没有取得多少进展。我们在前线与敌人交战的部队遇到了强力的抵抗。师长(division commander)命令我们营(battalion)绕到敌人后方发起突然袭击。然而，要绕到敌人后方，我们必须越过一片沼泽地(marshland)。我们很多人担心会陷入泥潭之中。我们营长决定冒一下险。我们在夜幕掩盖下出发，不顾困难，奋勇向前。幸运的是，夜间温度突然下降到摄氏零下20度，烂泥地都结上了冰。由于这寒冷的天气，我们于天亮前到达并从敌人后方发起进攻。这一下扭转了战局。敌人没有戒备，不久便投降了。 IX. Key to Exercises: Translation

IX. Key to Exercises: Translation: 

IX. Key to Exercises: Translation The offensive had already lasted three days, but we had not gained much ground. Our troops engaging the enemy at the front were faced with still resistance. The division commander instructed our battalion to get around to the rear of the enemy and launch a surprise attack. To do so, however, we had to cross a marshland and many of us were afraid we might get bogged down in the mud. Our battalion commander decided to take a gamble. We started under cover of darkness and pressed on in spite of great difficulties. By a stroke of luck,

IX. Key to Exercises: Translation: 

the temperature at night suddenly dropped to minus 20 degrees Celsius and the marsh froze over. Thanks to the cold weather, we arrived at our destination before dawn and began attacking the enemy from the rear. This turned the tide of the battle. The enemy, caught off guard, soon surrendered. IX. Key to Exercises: Translation

College English (Integrated Course 4): 

College English (Integrated Course 4) Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature Text B: The Normandy Landings

Text B: The Normandy Landings: 

Text B: The Normandy Landings I. Cultural notes 1. The Normandy Landings: the largest and most ambitious military expedition in history. On June 6, 1944, the allied forces of America, Britain and Canada landed on Normandy, which was in northwest France, on the English Channel.

Text B The Normandy Landings: 

Text B The Normandy Landings 2. Dwight David Eisenhower (1890-1972) (http://www.usa-presidents.info/eisenhower.htm): 34th President of the United States (1953-61), who had been supreme commander of all Allied forces in western Europe during World War II. He resigned his five-star general's rank on becoming President, but the U.S. Congress restored it when he left office in 1961.

Text B The Normandy Landings: 

2. Dwight David Eisenhower 艾森豪威尔是格兰特总统之后第二位职业军人出身的总统。他在5 0 岁之前默默无闻，甚至在军界也不为人所熟知。第二次世界大战中，他脱颖而出，锋芒毕露，在指挥盟军打击纳粹德国的重大战役中，屡建战功。四年之内，由陆军上校晋升为五星上将。但在两届总统任内，政绩平平。在任期内朝鲜战争刚结束，越南战争尚末开始，是战后美国比较稳定的时期。 Text B The Normandy Landings

Text B: The Normandy Landings: 

Text B: The Normandy Landings 3. Erwin Rommel (1891-1944): Nicknamed the Desert Fox. He is the German field marshal, noted for his brilliant generalship in north Africa in World War 2. Later a commander in France. He committed suicide after the officers’ plot against Hitler.

Text B: The Normandy Landings: 

Text B: The Normandy Landings II. Vocabulary Artillery 大炮 aircraft 飞机 troop 军队 fleet 舰队 Sea-borne troop 渡海部队 airborne unit 空降部队 Paratrooper 空降兵 pathfinder 伞降信号兵 Armada 舰队 naval vessel 军舰 battery 炮台 Transport plane 运输机 anti-aircraft 高射炮 Assault craft 强击艇 minesweeper 扫雷舰 Anti-personnel 杀伤地雷 landing craft 登陆艇 Cavalry squadron 骑兵中队 shelter 掩体 Naval bombardment 舰炮轰击

Text B: The Normandy Landings: 

Text B: The Normandy Landings III. Comprehension Questions If you had to choose a subtitle for the passage, which of the following would be the best? A. Fooling the Germans B. The Role of General Eisenhower C. The Largest Invasion Ever D. Gambling with the Forces of Nature KEY: D

Text B: The Normandy Landings: 

Text B: The Normandy Landings 2. It can be inferred that___. A. planning the invasion was not complicated except for predicting the weather. B. it was impossible to predict how any of the forces of nature would behave. C. moonlight was needed by the navy. D. the planners were wise to allow for the possibility of delay KEY: D

Text B: The Normandy Landings: 

3. The weather forecast for 6 June predicted that ___. A. the storm would have completely ended. B. the storm might die down for a while. C. the storm would get worse before it got better. D. the weather would be as expected for the time of year. KEY: Text B: The Normandy Landings B

Text B: The Normandy Landings: 

4. It can be inferred that the Germans did not expect the invasion on 6 June because___. A. they thought that weather would be bad. B. they believed the Allies could not agree. C. the allied decoys had fooled them into believing the invasion would take place later. D. they expected the landings on the seventh. KEY: Text B: The Normandy Landings A

Text B: The Normandy Landings: 

5. Many paratroopers landed in the wrong place because ________. A. the pathfinders had been blown away from the correct landing sites. B. of enemy anti-aircraft fire. C. visibility was poor. D. of bad planning. KEY: Text B: The Normandy Landings B

Text B: The Normandy Landings: 

6. The ships’ guns were ineffective because of _________. A. poor visibility B. fear of hitting the troops as they landed C. the high seas D. the strength of the German defense KEY: Text B: The Normandy Landings D

Text B: The Normandy Landings: 

IV. English-Chinese Translation 1. The fifth was chosen for D-Day to allow a safety margin in case the attack needed to be postponed. 译文：六月五日被选定为进攻开始日，其用意是留下一个安全系数，以防万一进攻需要推迟。 2. But an unusually stormy transition from spring toward summer that year held out little hope there would be a suitable break in the weather. 译文：然而，当年春夏至交大风暴异乎寻常的多，想天气在这个当儿出现一个适合进攻的风平浪静的间隙，其希望是微乎其微的。 Text B: The Normandy Landings

Text B: The Normandy Landings: 

Text B: The Normandy Landings IV. English-Chinese Translation 3. The German shore batteries that would have contested a landing in the original area would undoubtedly have taken a heavy toll. The landing at the new sector was virtually unopposed. 译文： 要是在原定地区登陆的话，德军海岸炮群无疑会拼命抵抗并给盟军造成惨重伤亡。在新防区的登陆几乎没有遭到任何抵抗。 4. Despite difficulties, Eisenhower’s gamble with the elements was to pay off. 译文：尽管困难重重，艾森豪威尔在与恶劣天气的赌博中赢得了胜利。

Text B: The Normandy Landings: 

V. Language Practice Fill in the gaps with words and phrases listed in the Words and Phrases to Learn box on Page 23. Change the form where necessary. boast obstacles was concerned call…off paid off was pinned down Text B: The Normandy Landings

Text B: The Normandy Landings: 

Text B: The Normandy Landings 7. are contesting 8. prior to 9. hold out 10. objective 11. responsible 12. in case 13. favorable 14. due to 15. on the eve of 16. cancel 17. complications 18. stiff 19. withstand 20. absent