WHAP Review #1: WHAP Review #1 Foundations Period: 10,000 BCE- 600 CE


Nomads: Follow the Food: Nomads: Follow the Food Foragers: Hunt & Gather Tied to nature Few possessions Egalitarian nature Pastoralists: Domestication of Animals Mtns./low rainfall areas Male-dominated Stratified as size of herds grew Leads to…


The Neolithic Revolution: 8000-3000 BCE: The Neolithic Revolution: 8000-3000 BCE Agriculturalists: Plant Domestication Community Development Permanent settlements Idea of land ownership: World View Shift Sustained culture Sense of identity


Consequences of a Food Surplus: Consequences of a Food Surplus Specialization of labor Improved technology: metal working, irrigation Stratification of society Possessions Armies Religion Writing Government Population density increases Voila…Civilization


Environmental Impact: Environmental Impact Use of water resources Clearing of land Use of building materials Roads Use of fuel materials Animals, disease Mining


River Valley Civs: River Valley Civs Mesopotamia Tigris, Euphrates = Fertile Crescent Sumer, Babylon, Persia Unpredictable flooding


Sumer: The first: Sumer: The first Successful agriculture, river management Writing, cuneiforms Use of wheel 12 month calendar, base 60, geometry Polytheistic Ziggurats Ur, Erech, Kish 3000 BCE Overthrown by Akkadians 1700 BCE


Sumer to Babylon to Nineveh to Babylon: Sumer to Babylon to Nineveh to Babylon Overthrew Akkadians 1700 BCE Hammurabi, Code of Law Fell to Kassites, then Hittites 1500 BCE Hittites-iron, then fell to Assyrians-organized, cruel, Nineveh, exiles, cultural diffusion Conquered by Medes, Chaldeans, rebuilt Babylon


Persian Immersion: Persian Immersion


Slide11: By 500 BCE Nile to Turkey/Greece to Afghanistan Great Royal Road, 1600 miles Transportation, Communication Multi-cultural Empire, Tolerance Smaller Civs co-existed Lydians-coined money Phoenicians-22-letter alphabet, naval power Hebrews-Judaism, monotheism


Walk Like an Egyptian: Walk Like an Egyptian Rich soil, gentle flooding 3 Kingdoms water management, pyramids, astronomy, hieroglyphs, calendar, gold, spices Polytheistic Women rulers, buy, sell property, inherit, will property, dissolve marriages, still subservient to men Hierarchy: pharaoh, priest, nobles, merchants, artisans, peasants, slaves Conquered by (1100 BCE) Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Islam, Ottomans, Euros


Indus Valley: Indus Valley


Indus Valley: 2500-1500 BCE: Indus Valley: 2500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside Harrappa, Mohenjo-Daro 100,000+ each Master-planned, water system, strong central gov’t, polytheistic, written language Pottery, cotton, cloth Cities abandoned, reason unknown Aryans arrive 1500 BCE


Aryans: Aryans From Caucasus Mtns. Black/Caspian Sea Nomads who settled Vedas, Upanashads basis for Hinduism Caste system warriors, priests, peasants later re-ordered: Brahmins (priests), warriors, landowners-merchants, peasants, untouchables (out castes)


China: Shang on the Hwang: China: Shang on the Hwang


Shang: 1600-1100 BCE: Shang: 1600-1100 BCE Stable agri-surplus, trade-centered N. China, walled cities, strong army, chariots “The Middle Kingdom” World View Trade with Mesopotamia Bronze, pottery, silk, decimal system, calendar Patriarchal, ancestors as advocates w/the gods


It’s Zhou Time: It’s Zhou Time Replaced Shang around 1100 BCE Ruled 900 years, kept customs, traditions Mandate of Heaven Feudal system, nobles gained, bureaucracies, war amongst feudal kingdoms, collapse 256 BCE


Exceptions to the Rule: Exceptions to the Rule Olmecs (Mexico), Chavin (Andes) developed similarly to others: urban, polytheistic, irrigation, writing, calendar, monumental building The point: Similar pattern of development in different part of earth, no contact The difference: Not River Valley Civs. No major river to use as transportation or generator of agri-production


The Classics: India-China: The Classics: India-China 4 key empires 300 BCE-500 CE India Maurya Gupta China Q’in Han


Mauryan Empire 321-180 BCE: Mauryan Empire 321-180 BCE


Mauryan Empire: Mauryan Empire Founded by Chandragupta Maurya Unified smaller Aryan kingdoms Greatest extent under Ashoka Big time traders: silk, cotton, elephants (much more) to the west Strong military, Ashoka converts to Buddhism: non-violence, moderation Rock & Pillar edicts, Buddhism spread


Gupta Dynasty 320-467 CE: Gupta Dynasty 320-467 CE


Rise of Gupta: Rise of Gupta Ashoka dies 232 BCE, Mauryan’s rapidly decline; econ problems, attacks from NE 375-415 CE, revival under Chandra Gupta Smaller, more decentralized: Golden Age, peace, Arts & Sciences; pi, zero, 0-9, skilled iron workers Hinduism resurgent Women lost rights; own property, study religion, child marriages common (6-7 years-old) Collapsed 550 CE (White Huns)


Q’in Empire: Q’in Empire


Q’in Ups in China 221-209 BCE: Q’in Ups in China 221-209 BCE Same same: strong agri-econ, strong army, iron, expansion…only lasted 10 years. Significance? GREAT WALL…so what? Strong centralized, brutal gov’t Qin Shihuangdi emperor Unified kingdom, standardized weights, measures, laws, written lang., zero dissent policy, patriarchal society Legalism Peasant rebellion brings down 209 BCE


A big hand for the Han! : A big hand for the Han!


Han Dynasty 200 BCE-200 CE: Han Dynasty 200 BCE-200 CE Resisted the Huns Expanded into Central Asia Silk Road to the Mediterranean Buddhism spread, culture spread Civil Service system, bureaucracies, resulting in stable gov’t. paper money, sundials, calendars, metallurgy


Classical Civs in the Med: Classical Civs in the Med


Greece and Rome: Roots of Western Civilization: Greece and Rome: Roots of Western Civilization Simply: they put it all together Representative gov’t Art Architecture Literature Science Philosophy


It’s Greek to me!: It’s Greek to me! Impact of geography Trade, not agri. Est. colonies, strong military Communications Transportation Governance


The Polis: The Polis City-states Common identity, culture in each Athens Political, commercial, cultural center Sparta Agricultural, militaristic, equality w/o individuality


Hierarchy: Hierarchy Citizens-adult males, business-commerce Free people w/ no political rights Non-citizens (included slaves 1/3 of the Athenian pop!) All citizens expected to participate in public life Monarchy to aristocracy to democracy Solon/Draco: aristocrats who worked to ensure fair, =, open participation


Religion: Religion Polytheistic Had human failings: got drunk, cheated on spouses, jealous, angry, took sides, etc. Greek mythology remains a large part of Western heritage and language


War with Persia: War with Persia Persia invades Greece twice. Despite great odds, Greece survives. Key battles: Marathon 490 BCE (land), Salamis 480 BCE (sea) Greece controls Aegean Period of peace and prosperity


Golden Age of Pericles: Golden Age of Pericles Athenian culture excels Democracy for all adult males (citizens) Delian League-city-state alliance Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Truth through rational thought and observation Math, Science, Architecture, Literature


Super-power, super mistake: Super-power, super mistake Athens dominated the Delian League Peloponnesian War with Sparta (431 BCE) Weakened, Macedonian conquest Philip encouraged Greek culture Followed by son, Alexander, unified Greece, invaded Persia


Alexander the Great?: Alexander the Great?


Live fast, die young…: Live fast, die young… Alexander conquered Persia Pushed to Egypt Stopped at India Empire divided into three: Antigonid (Greece/Macedonia) Ptolemaic (Egypt), Seleucid (Bactria/Anatolia)


Hellenistic Era: Hellenistic Era Greek Culture and ideas flourished and spread Alexandria (Egypt) became wealthy, center for learning After death (323 BCE), empire crumbled Macedonian focus on the east and Egypt left the door open for…


The Romans: 509 BCE-476 CE: The Romans: 509 BCE-476 CE


Rome: Rome Good Geographic position Protected by mtns in north Peninsula Cross-roads in the Mediterranean Polytheistic, borrowed many Greek gods, mythology still evident in West


Social-Political Structure: Social-Political Structure Patricians Senate, Assembly Plebians Assembly Consuls Representative (as opposed to Direct in Greece) 12 Tables (innocent until proven guilty) Patriarchal/Paterfamilias Women influential in family, own property, still considered inferior Slaves (up to 1/3) city better than country


Military Domination: Military Domination All Directions, all the time Punic Wars 264-146 BCE Gained control of W. Med Defeated Macedonians Gaul Spain Road net, navy, aqueducts Cultural diffusion


Republic, no-Imperialism, yes: Republic, no-Imperialism, yes Increased slavery, displaced plebians, inflation= social unrest Senate weakened, Triumvirate, Caesar, Pompey, Crassus, Civil War Caesar assassinated 44 BCE 2nd Triumvirate, civil war Imperial Rome Pax Romana


Pax Romana: Pax Romana


Peace and Prosperity: Peace and Prosperity Rome, capital of western world Military expansion Rule of law, common coinage. Civil service, secure travel for merchants 200 years of stability Uniform laws, but traditional cultures in territories survived ie Egyptians, Hebrews Growth of arts and sciences


A New Religion: A New Religion Christianity competes with paganism Christians persecuted Conversion of Constantine ended persecution 312 CE Edict of Milan-Christianity official religion of Rome


COMPARE: COMPARE Golden Ages of Rome, Greece, Gupta, Others Expansion of Territory, flourishing of art and science Wealth flows in due to military expansion, confidence


“What goes up…”: “What goes up…” Empires fall Late Classical Period 200-600 CE Steppe People on the move, dominoes fall Han, Gupta, Roman Empires fall


Collapse of the Han: Collapse of the Han Wang Mang 9-23 CE, “Socialist Emperor” Economic Military drained budget Confiscate land, raise taxes Actions discouraged manufacture and trade


Collapse of the Han: Collapse of the Han Social Rising tensions between rich and poor Poorly conceived land reform program Famine Revolt, murder of Wang Mang Han Dynasty briefly restored, full recovery impossible, collapse in 220 CE 400 years of regional kingdoms


Collapse of the Gupta: Collapse of the Gupta Huns 24/7 Gupta able to hold off for a while, at great cost Hun kingdoms emerged in western & northern India Culture survived, Hinduism, caste system, Gupta Empire did not


“Western Rome, you are the weakest link, good-bye”: “Western Rome, you are the weakest link, good-bye” 284 CE, Diocletian splits W-E Empire


Why?: Why? Attempt to re-gain control of Military under imperial control Co-emperors Economy Gov’t budget Price caps to control inflation Strengthen currency


Collapse: Collapse No singular reason Rome sacked 410 CE, 476 CE Internal decay Weak or bad leaders Expense of empire Epidemics External pressures Huns, Visigoths Sheer size


CONTRAST: Fall of Han, Gupta, Rome: CONTRAST: Fall of Han, Gupta, Rome Two major causes threaten all empires Internal: economic depression, natural catastrophes, social unrest External: Invading Armies Internal: Han External: Gupta Combo Meal: Rome


Cultural Diffusion via the Silk Road: Cultural Diffusion via the Silk Road


Ideas, Culture, Invention: Ideas, Culture, Invention Trade routes brought various peoples in contact Pastoralists provided protection, services, supplies Disease and armies also traveled the routes, plague, small pox, Mongols Religion-Buddhism to China, SE Asia Christianity through Med, Europe, Britain Peoples: Anglo-Saxons to Britain, Huns to India, Germanic Tribes to Italy


Religion: to 600 CE: Religion: to 600 CE


Belief Systems through 600 CE: Belief Systems through 600 CE Polytheism Confucianism Daoism Legalism Hinduism Buddhism Judaism Christianity


Commonalities: Commonalities Schisms-Divisions resulting in subgroups, sects Consider social, political, cultural, military impacts as well as theological and philosophical Where did it start? Where did he spread? How?


Polytheism: Polytheism Majority of ancient civs Through 600 CE all Med and Mesop Civs were poly. Exceptions were Hebrews and Christians In the East, all were poly; Aryans, Hindus, traditional Chinese, Daoists, some Buddhists, Americas, Africa


The Deity Details: The Deity Details Multiple gods, may be good or bad Deities impact daily life Human attributes (Grk-Rom) Egypt: Benevolent and kind Sumer, Aztec: Feared, to be appeased


The Big Deal?: The Big Deal? major impact on civ development Art & architecture Ritual based Rise of priestly class Rigid social structures Gods for culture as whole, city-state as well: rise and fall seen as battle of gods as well as city-states


Confucianism: Confucianism Specifically Chinese (Kong Fu Tse) 400 BCE onward Political-social philosophy, not religion Moral, ethical, also practical How to restore political-social order? 5 key relationships: political, parental, spousal, sibling, friends


Confucianism: Confucianism Right relationships = right society Put aside personal ambition for good of state Ren-humanity, benevolence, kindness Li-propriety, courtesy, respect, deference Xiao-filial piety, family obligation, extended Lead by good example Women, 2nd status, honored by kids


The Big Deal?: The Big Deal? As a ethical, social, political belief system it was compatible with other religions, could practice Buddhism and Confucianism simultaneously Flexible Embraced by leaders as well, ordered society, tight families Exclusively Chinese, only in context of Chinese culture


Daoism-Taoism: Daoism-Taoism China 500 BCE onward “The Way” (of nature/cosmos) Lao-tzu, philosopher Eternal principles, passive, yielding Like water, yet strong, shaping Opening of a pot, nothing, yet not a pot without it Wu wei- non-doing, harmony with nature


The Big Deal?: The Big Deal? Self-sufficient communities Counter to Confucian activism Emphasis on harmony w/ nature leads gains: astronomy, botany, chemistry Co-existed w/Confucianism, Buddhism, Legalism Added to complexity of Chinese culture


Contrast: Confucianism-Daoism: Contrast: Confucianism-Daoism Shared belief in spirits of the dead Confucianism creating orderly society active relationships, active gov’t To guide relationships Daoism harmony with nature, internal peace Simple, passive life Little gov’t interference To guide individual in meditation


Legalsim: Legalsim The Q’in Dynasty Peace & order through centralized, tightly controlled state Mistrust of human nature; reliance on tough laws Focus on things the practical and sustainers of society 2 most worthy jobs: farmer, soldier


The Big Deal?: The Big Deal? Accomplished swift reunification of China Completion of projects like the Great Wall Caused widespread resentment among common people, led to wider acceptance of Confucianism-Daoism


Contrast: Confucianism-Legalism: Contrast: Confucianism-Legalism Social belief systems, not religions Intended to create orderly society Confucianism-fundamental goodness responsibilities Legalism-fundamental evil punishments


Hinduism: Hinduism Aryans, and empires of Indian subcontinent Brahma-supreme force Gods are manifestations of Brahma Vishnu-preserver Shiva-destroyer Reincarnation Dharma: rules and obligations Karma: fate based on how dharma was met Moshka: highest state of being, release of soul


The Big Deal?: The Big Deal? Religion as well as social system Caste system, accept lot in life, next one will be better (if dharma met) Close relationship w/Indian culture, caste system have limited its spread Treatment of animals Hinduism spawns Buddhism


Buddhism: Buddhism India, China, SE Asia Hindu prince, Siddartha Gautama Nepal 563-483 BCE Search for meaning of human suffering Buddha = enlightened one No supreme being


Buddhism: 4 Noble Truths: Buddhism: 4 Noble Truths Four noble truths All Life is suffering Suffering caused by desire One can be freed of desire Freed by following Eightfold path


Buddhism: Eightfold Path: Buddhism: Eightfold Path Eightfold Path Right views Right aspirations Right speech Right conduct Right livelihood Right endeavor Right mindfulness Right meditation Following the path Leads to nirvana State of perfect peace & harmony May take several lifetimes 2 forms Theraveda: meditation, harmony, Buddha not a god (Lesser Vehicle) Mahayana: more complex, greater ritual, reliance on priests. Buddha a diety, bodhisattvas, nirvana “helpers”


The Big Deal?: The Big Deal? Did not recognize castes Appealed to lower classes (duh!) Not attached to social structure, spread rapidly to other cultures Ashoka adopted, thrived Eventually reabsorbed into Hinduism Thrived in China, Japan, SE Asia Force of cultural diffusion via trade, missionaries


Judaism: Judaism The Hebrews Chosen by God, special status Personal relationship with God Afterlife, tradition, doctrines, philosophy, personal salvation To honor, serve God, promote prophets, maintain cultural identity A religion & culture The First Monotheistic Belief System: Christianity Islam


Compare: Confucianism, Hinduism, Judaism: Compare: Confucianism, Hinduism, Judaism Seem very different Confucianism, not a religion Hinduism, polytheistic Judaism, monotheistic All tied to the culture where the came from, not evangelical, converting others


Christianity: Christianity Splinter group of Jews, quickly spread throughout Roman Empire Jesus, son of God, Messiah of Jewish prophecy Devotion to God, love of fellow man Jesus sent to redeem man from sin Salvation by faith in divinity, death, and resurrection of Jesus. Crucified by Jewish leaders and Roman gov’t 30 CE


The Big Deal: The Big Deal Emphasis on compassion, grace through faith, salvation, eternal life after death appealed to lower classes, women By 300 CE, most influential in Med. Region Spread north and west throughout Europe Combo of religion & empire = huge impact on political, social development of Europe


Foundations: 3 Themes: Foundations: 3 Themes Civilizations Patterns, developments Rise-fall of empires: why? consequences? Sources of Change Trade Conquest Invention, innovation, adaptation; iron, wheel Man vs. Nature Interaction? Role of geography? Attempts to measure/control? Change from survival (physical needs) to internal peace (spiritual needs)