CLAS 202 Lecture 04a

Classical Studies 202Ancient Roman SocietyLecture # 4: 

Classical Studies 202 Ancient Roman Society Lecture # 4 -The Late Republic (146-44 BCE)- -Dress & Hair Styles- -Citizenship- -Patrons & Clients- BREAK -Education- Roman Law- -Early Pagan Religion- - Test Review -

THE LATE REPUBLIC (146-27 BC): 

THE LATE REPUBLIC (146-27 BC) Problems caused by long series of wars decline in the number of citizen/soldier/farmers creation of Latifundia(plantations or country estates) in opposition to the Licinian-Sextian Law of 367 BC "The Mob" rise of the Equestrians and their struggle for power with the Patricians Patrician Governors of new provinces often corrupt publicani/tax-farming a city-state government struggling to rule an "empire" Populares Optimates

Tiberius Gracchus: 

Tiberius Gracchus Tiberius Gracchus (162-133 BC) -Plebeian -Tribune of the People 133 BC -latifundia -ager publicus -revise Licinian-Sextian Law (500 acres vs 320 + 160 for each of two sons) Tribal Assembly vs Senate (vetoed by Tribune loyal to Senate) -Took to Senate(also vetoed) -had opposing Tribune removed(illegal) -ran for second consecutive term to save his life and legislation(legal?), but murdered by the Senate

Gaius Gracchus: 

Gaius Gracchus Gaius Gracchus(153-121 BC) -Plebeian and brother of Tiberius Gracchus -elected Tribune 123 BC -re-enacted brother's land reforms -brought many reforms Equites, not Senators, to judge corrupt Governors proposes to extend Roman citizenship throughout Italy senatus consultum ultimum

Gauis Marius(157-86 BC): 

Gauis Marius(157-86 BC) Equestrian (& Populares) -novus homo -elected Tribune in 119 BC -elected Consul in 107 BC War with Jugurtha of Numidia (111-104 BC) -remodels army(volunteers vs "landed" citizens, better training, equipment, pay, conditions, organization) -cohort vs maniple legion Defeats Numidians (North Africa), Cimbri and Teutons (southern France) 104-99 BC defeats slave revolt in Sicily and pirates

Marius & Sulla: 

Marius & Sulla Hero of the Social War (90-88 BC) Made Consul 7 times in 20 years(5 times in a row!) Lucius Cornelius Sulla "Felix"(138-78 BC) -Patrician and colleague of Marius King Mithridates of Pontus(three wars between 88 and 63 BC) -88 BC granted command against Mithridates -Marius vs Sulla -Rostra -The Great Proscription -Consul and Dictator for life (dies a few months later)

The 1st Triumvirate: 

The 1st Triumvirate Political deadlock & chaos follows the death of Sulla Spartacus (73-71 BC) Cicero 1st Triumvirate (60 BC): Crassus, Pompey, Caesar (renewed in 56 BC) -Crassus (wealth) -Pompey (Senate) -Julius Caesar (People) Caesar in Gaul (59-52 BC) Caesar in Germany and Britain (55-54 BC)

Julius Caesar: 

Julius Caesar Rubicon (49 BC) "Alea iacta est" ("the die is cast") The Battle of Pharsalus (48 BC) The Alexandrian War/Cleopatra (48-47 BC) Consul 48, 46 and 45 BC Dictator for 10 years in 46 BC (unprecedented) Ides of March (15 Mar. 44 BC) Brutus

MALE ROMAN DRESS: 

MALE ROMAN DRESS men's wear: tunic (knee-length woollen shirt, with or without sleeves, tied at waist); could also be worn to bed cold weather: woolen cloak with centre hole and hood (poncho!) caps worn only by ex-slaves, but citizens could wear sun-hats formal dress: toga (woolen wrap, secured by knot) senators wear broad purple stripe, equites a thin one boys also wear purple stripe, until reaching manhood only emperor wears purple toga; purple expensive, smelly

MALE ROMAN DRESS (cont’d): 

MALE ROMAN DRESS (cont’d) leather shoes with crossed straps (coloured for senators) indoors: slippers; hobnailed army boots (caliga); bath clogs men's rings (gold for elite; silver for Equestrians: also signet rings) men: orig. long hair and beard; shaving and haircuts - 3rd c. BC (need barber) beards return in 2nd c. AD, disappear in 4th

ROMAN WOMEN’S FASHION: 

ROMAN WOMEN’S FASHION women's wear (orig. toga?): ankle-length, long-sleeved tunic stola (long garment, belted above waist, worn over tunic) outdoors: cape or mantle; head scarves, coloured shoes, leggings (if very cold) handbag underwear: loincloth (optional); breastband; girdle jewelry: bulla (child's amulet) earrings, necklaces, brooches, bracelets etc.

ROMAN FEMALE HAIR STYLES: 

ROMAN FEMALE HAIR STYLES women: simple at first "Octavia" look (simple bun at back of head) Flavian high coiffure wigs, hair dye, combs, mirrors German and Gallic slaves kept to grow long blonde or re-haired wigs

Roman Citizenship: 

Roman Citizenship cives (citizens, m. or f.) Roman citizen's rights: - vote - hold public office - marry other citizens - commerce (property, contracts, inheritance) - trial before urban praetor - appeal criminal case to Rome - wear toga - bear 3 names (middle name = family name)

Roman Citizenship: 

Roman Citizenship Roman citizen's responsibilities: -military service -pay special taxes (e.g. inheritance) Roman citizenship by: -birth (parents = citizens) -manumission (freed slave of citizen) -military service (25 years in auxiliaries) -grant from emperor (indiv. Or community) ius Latii ("right of Latium") = Latin ( partial) citizenship

Roman Citizenship: 

Roman Citizenship Caracalla gives Roman citizenship to all except slaves (AD 212) non-Romans, non-Latins = peregrines (= provincials after 90 BC) Peregrines: -lack all rights of Roman citizens -trial by peregrine praetor -can marry non-citizen -can manumit (no citizenship)

PATRONS AND CLIENTS: 

PATRONS AND CLIENTS (sources: Martial, Juvenal, Pliny the Younger) nature of the patron-client system patronus political use of clients (e.g. Clodius' gangs) salutatio (client's morning greeting to patron) sportula ("little basket": a handout of food or money) patrons' complaints about parasitic clients clients' complaints: humiliation, shamelessness, double standard

ROMAN EDUCATION: 

ROMAN EDUCATION (sources: Horace, Quintilian, Seneca wealthy went to school, poor learned a trade (ie family business) ludus (school) paedagogus (slave who escorted and tutored children) grammaticus (grammar teacher) Cicero, Vergil, Livy rhetor (teacher of rhetoric) Greek ("second language" of Roman Empire)

ROMAN EDUCATION: 

ROMAN EDUCATION Athens (world's first "university") papyrus (a type of paper, made from an Egyptian plant) volumen (scroll: a "book" on rollers) palimpsest ("recycled" papyrus, with writing erased) Alexandria (Library) Varro Palatine Library Augustus, Trajan, Hadrian

ROMAN LAW: 

ROMAN LAW early Rome: paterfamilias, king, consul legal sources: - Twelve Tables (450 BC) - senatus consultum, plebiscite - edicts of magistrates/emperors - legal textbooks: Institutes (Gaius, 2nd c.), -Theodosian Code (4th c.) -Digest (Justinian, 6th c.) Corpus Iuris Civilis, or Justinian’s Code

ROMAN LAW: 

ROMAN LAW kinds of law: -public: state/citizen -civil (private): citizen/citizen -law of nations: citizen/foreigner praetors (judicial magistrates): urban (citizens) peregrine praetors(foreigners) provincial governor: circuit court; edicts consilium principis (emperor's council) = legal experts who advise the emperor on interpretation of laws

ROMAN CIVIL LAW: 

ROMAN CIVIL LAW Cicero "The Spirit of the Law versus the Letter of the Law“ "police": - none at first - Augustus: 3 urban cohorts (1000 men each) under City Prefect (senator) civil case: - preliminary hearing before praetor - trial by judge - in minor cases, out-of-court settlement by arbiter - 30 days to pay penalty (but could appeal)

ROMAN CRIMINAL LAW: 

ROMAN CRIMINAL LAW criminal case: - originally heard by Centuriate/Tribal Assembly -trial by jury (chaired by praetor) -jury selected from pool ("college") -senatorial vs. equestrian -arraignment before praetor (trial date set) -jury selection -witnesses -time limits

ROMAN LAW: LAWYERS & PUNISHMENTS: 

ROMAN LAW: LAWYERS & PUNISHMENTS lawyers: - originally non-professional (patron/friend) - fee limited to 10,000 sesterces (1st c. AD) - courtroom tricks punishments: - change over time - value of damages decided by assessor - enslavement for debt abolished in 4th c. BC - death penalty and imprisonment: abolished in 190's BC - "capital punishment" = exile, loss of property - lesser penalties: fines, loss of citizenship - jail: not a punishment; holding cells only -different punishments for honestiores and humiliores

EARLY ROMAN PAGAN RELIGION: 

EARLY ROMAN PAGAN RELIGION much based on Etruscan models gods begin as spirits numen (divine power) later, identification with Greek gods e.g. Vulcan (fire/blacksmith), Neptune (water), Mars (spear/war) numen: attached to gods, groups of people, emperor, family genius (spirit protecting emperor, family, etc.) direction of numen, e.g. Terminus (boundary marker)

EARLY ROMAN PAGAN RELIGION: PRIESTHOODS & SACRIFICES: 

EARLY ROMAN PAGAN RELIGION: PRIESTHOODS & SACRIFICES A very religious people with many different priesthoods -pontifex maximus (chief priest): chooses priests, Vestal virgins -Vestal Virgins (cult of hearth-goddess Vesta; sworn to chastity) -augur: examines movements of stars, flights of birds (auspices) -haruspex: examines entrails of sacrificial animals (omens) sacrifice: act of piety; worshipper hopes for favour from gods food or liquid burnt on altar (preferably by priest); vows suovetaurilia (sacrifice of pig, sheep and bull)

ROMAN PAGAN RELIGION: DEITIES & TEMPLES: 

ROMAN PAGAN RELIGION: DEITIES & TEMPLES deities, e.g. Jupiter (thunder), Ceres (grain), Janus (beginnings) Capitoline Triad (Jupiter, Juno, Minerva): shrine is in the temple on Capitoline Hill Adapted/adopted Greek divinities over time temple: orig. = area for auspices; later, permanent building usually rectangular; contains cult statue; high podium with stairs temple = house of god, not a place of congregation; altar outside for public display of sacrifice

EARLY P A G A N R E L I G I O N: 

EARLY P A G A N R E L I G I O N festivals (holidays): incl. Spectacles (provided by magistrates) -Saturnalia (December): slave holiday, reversal of roles, gifts family religion: Lares, Penates (household gods) lararium (shrine of the Lares) = niche in wall for offerings etc. floor must be kept clean (evil spirits); spring "housecleaning"

EARLY PAGAN RELIGION: 

EARLY PAGAN RELIGION Roman Paterfamilias carrying busts of his ancestors as part of annual religious celebration Part of his role as family priest

Review For Test: 

Review For Test -Test #1 covers content, movies & readings from lectures 1-4 -You have 1 hour to complete this test -Part A: 20 multiple Choice (20 X 1 mark) -Part B: 20 Fill in the Blanks (20 X 2 marks) -Part C: 10 T/F (10 X 1 mark) -Part D: Identify and explain the significance of any 10 of 15 words, terms, people or events in 1-3 sentences (10 X 3 marks)