17

Sea Power and Maritime Affairs: 

Sea Power and Maritime Affairs Lesson 17: The Navy in the Early Cold War, 1945-1953

Learning Objectives: 

Learning Objectives Comprehend the development of new strategies and weapons systems, in terms of competition for resources within the DOD and within the Navy., in the High Cold War. “Massive Retaliation,” “Rollback,” and “Liberation” will be defined and their applicability as strategic slogans will be assessed by examination of major crisis of the Eisenhower Presidency. Comprehend how the threat of limited naval presence was used to influence international affairs during the 1950s.

Learning Objectives: 

Learning Objectives President Kennedy's “Flexible response” will be defined and its applicability as a strategic slogan will be assessed by examination of the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Know the impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 on Soviet naval policy.

Who said it?: 

Who said it? “One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms.”

Harry S Truman: 

Harry S Truman Enunciating the “Truman Doctrine”

Situation: 

Situation USSR Not being nice U.N. Balance of Power

Neither: 

Neither U.N Powerless USSR had veto U.S. doesn’t do yucky Balance of Power! or do we?

Clark Clifford, Presidential Advisor: 

Clark Clifford, Presidential Advisor “The main deterrent to Soviet attack on the United States, or to attack on areas of the world which are vital to our security, will be the military power of this country.”

The Truman Doctrine: 

The Truman Doctrine

NSC 68: Blueprint for Cold War Strategy: 

NSC 68: Blueprint for Cold War Strategy National Security Council Report - April 1950 Based on the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and George Kennan’s “Containment Strategy” “The American Blueprint for the next decade” Essentially Soviet Union leads the global advance of international communism. Confirmed in Korea

NSC 68: 

NSC 68 NSC 68: “We must, by means of a rapid and sustained build-up of the political, economic, and military strength of the free world, and by means of an affirmative program intended to wrest the initiative from the Soviet Union, confront it with convincing evidence of the determination and ability of the free world to frustrate the Kremlin design of a world dominated by its will.”

NSC 68: 

NSC 68 “…every consideration of devotion to our fundamental values and to our national security demands that we achieve our objectives by the strategy of the cold war, building up our military strength in order that it may not have to be used.”

Impact of NSC 68 and Korea on Navy: 

Impact of NSC 68 and Korea on Navy Naval decline reversed Accelerated shipbuilding Personnel strength doubled Reactivation of mothballed World War II ships Development begins on a new generation of ships Forrestal-class carriers with jet aircraft. Nuclear-powered submarines: USS Nautilus.

Continued...: 

Continued... Power-projection capabilities of the U.S. Navy Close Air Support Interdiction Amphibious Operations Logistics Strategic bombing/massive retaliation theory disproved

USS Nautilus (SSN 571): 

USS Nautilus (SSN 571) Commissioned September 1954. First nuclear-powered submarine. First submarine to cruise under the North Pole.

PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower: 

President Dwight D. Eisenhower Elected 1952 Administration increases military funding after the Korean War.

Naval Demographic: 

Naval Demographic Royal Navy is weakened to the point of nonexistence Sixth Fleet: Mediterranean Seventh Fleet: Pacific

Resources for Defense: 

Resources for Defense Forrestal first SECDEF Intended to solve clash between Air Force and Navy March 1948- JCS meet in Key West to hammer out a compromise

Executive Order: 

Executive Order “strategic air warfare has been assigned as a primary function of the Air Force, and the Navy is assigned as a primary function the conduct of air operations necessary for the accomplishment of objectives in a nval campaign.” United States laid down- never built Forrestal asked to resign by Truman

Identity Crisis: 

Identity Crisis Rickover’s Nukies v. Aviators Naval nuclear capability and strategic mission developed Ensures future funding for naval forces. Internal Navy competition for funding. Elimination of new weapons except carriers and submarines. Small carrier-based nuclear weapons. New tactical nuclear mission in addition to strategic mission. What is our doctrine?

Single Integrated Operation Plan: 

Single Integrated Operation Plan Planners realized that Navy and Air Force Strategic plans overlapped Single Integrated Operations Plan (SIOP) - 1960 Attack plans for strategic bombers, ICBMs, and SSBNs Carriers lose strategic role - maintain tactical nuclear weapon Where is Mahan?

Regulus Missile: 

Regulus Missile - Program cancelled by 1964.

Forrestal-class Attack Carrier (CVA): 

Forrestal-class Attack Carrier (CVA) USS Forrestal (CVA 59)

Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBNs): 

Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBNs) USS George Washington (SSBN-598)

Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW): 

Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Soviet submarine threatens U.S. and NATO sea lines of communication Hunter Killer Groups (HUKs) established One older fixed-wing support carrier (CVS) with aircraft Five to six destroyers (DDs) U.S. nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSNs) Most effective ASW weapons eventually replace HUKs “Albacore” hulls and improved sonar and torpedoes

Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW): 

Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Long-range land-based maritime patrol aircraft Underwater Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) Passive sonar located at strategic chokepoints GIUK Gap - main chokepoint for Soviet submarines Greenland-Iceland-UK

U.S. Naval Presence in the Cold War: 

U.S. Naval Presence in the Cold War Worldwide U.S. interests. Strategy of containment must be backed by threat of force. Naval deployments - worldwide. Influence international affairs. Threat of either limited or unlimited naval force. Numbered fleets deployed in different regions. Second Fleet Atlantic Third Fleet Eastern Pacific Sixth Fleet Mediterranean Seventh Fleet Western Pacific and Indian Ocean Fifth Fleet Arabian Gulf (1995)

Forward Deployed Forces Containment Strategy: 

Forward Deployed Forces Containment Strategy Navy Naples (Gaeta), Italy Commander, Sixth Fleet Yokosuka, Japan Commander, Seventh Fleet Subic Bay, Philippines Marine Corps Okinawa Third Marine Division Army and Air Force Permanent bases established overseas. Germany, Japan, and South Korea.

AdmiralArleigh Burke: 

Admiral Arleigh Burke Chief of Naval Operations 1955-1961

AdmiralHyman G. Rickover: 

Admiral Hyman G. Rickover Father of the Nuclear Navy and Naval Reactors USS Nautilus (SSN 571) USS Enterprise (CVAN 65) USS Long Beach (CGN 9)

French Indochina: 

Former French colony Japanese occupation - WW II 1945: Ho Chi Minh founds Democratic Republic of Vietnam Communist government Reoccupied by French forces 1947: Vietnamese war for independence begins Vietnamese rural population supports Vietminh communists while French control cities France appeals to U.S. for support Truman approves military aid to French forces French Indochina

French Indochina: 

French Indochina 1954: Dien Bien Phu - French surrender to Vietminh. Eisenhower refuses to aid French with carrier strikes Vietnam divided between communist North and South U.S. military advisors to South Vietnam

Major Crises: 

Major Crises 1956 Suez Canal Egyptian President Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal Britain and France attack Egypt with Israel to regain control Soviet Union - aligned with Egypt 1956 Hungarian uprising Naval inferiority to U.S. fleet U.S. diplomatic pressure on Britain, France, and Israel U.S. controls sea lines of communication in Mediterranean U.N. cease-fire brokered Soviets begin to increase power in Middle East 1957 Sputnik

Eisenhower Doctrine- 1957: 

Eisenhower Doctrine- 1957 “...to use armed forces to assist any nation or group of nations requesting assistance against aggression from any country controlled by international communism.” U.S. will defend Middle East from Communist aggression.

Stop a second...: 

Stop a second... What was happening with the aircraft carrier? Projection? Nuclear strategic deterrence? Gunboat diplomacy? Anyone see Mahan? …back to the action

Lebanon Crisis: 

Lebanon Crisis 1958: Lebanese Civil War Communists supported by Syria Ally of Soviet Union Amphibious Landing of 6,000 Marines Control of Beirut secured Army and Air Force units unable to react Demonstrated flexibility of U.S. naval forces Sixth Fleet dominates the Mediterranean Soviet Navy unable to influence events

Slide40: 

The George Washington, launched June 9, 1959, was the Navy's 1st submarine in Nov. 1960 to deploy the solid-fuel Polaris missile with one-megaton warhead

PolarisSubmarine-LaunchedBallistic Missiles(SLBMs): 

Polaris Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs) Strategic Deterrence Nuclear Triad With strategic bombers and ICBMs. Eventually replaced by Poseidon and Trident missiles on newer submarines.

First Nuclear powered carrier commissioned (CVN 65)Enterprise: 

First Nuclear powered carrier commissioned (CVN 65) Enterprise

JohnFitzgerald Kennedy: 

John Fitzgerald Kennedy Elected President over Eisenhower’s Vice President Richard Nixon in 1960. Navy PT boat commander in WW II as a Lieutenant.

Nikita Khrushchev: 

Nikita Khrushchev Succeeded Stalin as Soviet premier after his death in 1953. Proposed “peaceful competition” between the superpowers. Challenged U.S. to meet Communist challenges in third world countries.

The Cold War Heats Up: 

The Cold War Heats Up The “Space Race”: Sputnik: First man-made satellite - 1957 Yuri Gagarin - First man in space - 1961 Kennedy - Apollo Program will land a man on the moon “before the decade is out” Naval aviators chosen among first astronauts The “Missile Gap”debate in 1960 U.S. Presidential election U-2 Incident - 1960 Francis Gary Powers shot down over Soviet Union

The Cold War Heats Up: 

The Cold War Heats Up Khrushchev's “We will bury you!” speech at the United Nations - 1960 Berlin Wall - 1961: Kennedy: “Ich bin ein Berliner.” - 1963

U-2: 

U-2

CastroandKhrushchev: 

Castro and Khrushchev

Cuban Missile Crisis: 

Cuban Missile Crisis

Cuban Missile CrisisOctober 1962: 

Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962

Options: 

Options Air strikes or invasion too risky - may start war Blockade or “Quarantine” of missiles established by Navy 22 Oct 62- fleet directed to block military shipments from Cuba 24 Oct 62- Soviet Ships reverse course, only one boarded Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles

Cuban Missile Crisis: 

Cuban Missile Crisis “Conventional engagement”—involving small ships No attack carriers directly involved, but global U.S. alert including carriers world-wide Soviet had no symmetrical, opposing forces No fleet action; no hostilities Khrushchev and Kennedy played crucial roles! Soviet naval policy reviewed. Need a more balanced Navy of surface, subsurface, and air forces to challenge U.S. for command of the seas.

Slide54: 

Discussion Next time: The Navy, Vietnam and Limited Warfare 1965-1975