digvlsideslec1

Slide1: 

Hall Arm – Doubtful Sound, Fijordland, New Zealand

Slide2: 

Akaroa, New Zealand

Slide3: 

Taieri Gorge Railway, Pukerangi, New Zealand

Slide4: 

San Francisco Cathedral, Santiago, Chile

Slide5: 

3 of Chile’s 54 Active Volcanoes in the Andes

Slide6: 

The Fitzroy Massif in the Andes in Argentina

Slide7: 

The Torres del Paine near Puerto Natales, Chile

Slide8: 

Torres del Paine, Cuernos (Horns) and Torres (Towers)

Slide9: 

Mike Bushnell Riding Sansone near The Torres del Paine

14:332:479 Concepts in VLSI Design 16:332:574 Computer-Aided Digital VLSI Design: 

14:332:479 Concepts in VLSI Design 16:332:574 Computer-Aided Digital VLSI Design Michael L. Bushnell CAIP Center and WINLAB ECE Dept., Rutgers U., Piscataway, NJ http://www.caip.rutgers.edu/~bushnell/rutgers.html Thanks to Siri Uppalapati, Kunal Dave, and Jeff Ayres

Major Course Changes: 

Major Course Changes Old undergrad. Intro. to VLSI Design became 3 courses! Concepts in VLSI Design – simple VLSI, like old course, no major project, no short project, more homework, less material Deep Sub-micron VLSI Design – 90 nanometer tech., new course, more lectures, more homework, no design project Capstone Design – VLSI Design – has tiny chip 0.6 mm project, 130 nanometer system-on-a-chip (SoC) team project, no lectures, no homework Old grad. CAD Digital VLSI Design became 2 courses! CAD Digital VLSI Design – same change as for undergrad, but keeps the short project and ½ the SoC Project Deep Submicron VLSI Design – 90 nanometer tech., new course, like Deep Sub-micron VLSI Design, has other ½ of the SoC Project

332:479 Concepts in VLSIDesign Lecture 1Transistor History: 

332:479 Concepts in VLSI Design Lecture 1 Transistor History Pictures from STATE OF THE ART A Photographic History of the Integrated Circuit, by Stan Augarten History of VLSI Design Summary

A Brief History: 

A Brief History 1958: First integrated circuit Flip-flop using two transistors Built by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments 2003 Intel Pentium 4 mprocessor (55 million transistors) 512 Mbit DRAM (> 0.5 billion transistors) 53% compound annual growth rate over 45 years No other technology has grown so fast so long Driven by miniaturization of transistors Smaller is cheaper, faster, lower in power! Revolutionary effects on society

Annual Sales: 

Annual Sales 1018 transistors manufactured in 2003 100 million for every human on the planet

Transistor Types: 

Transistor Types Bipolar transistors npn or pnp silicon structure Small current into very thin base layer controls large currents between emitter and collector Base currents limit integration density Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors nMOS and pMOS MOSFETS Voltage applied to insulated gate controls current between source and drain Low power allows very high integration

Moore’s Law: 

Moore’s Law 1965: Gordon Moore plotted transistor on each chip Fit straight line on semilog scale Transistor counts have doubled every 26 months Integration Levels SSI: 10 gates MSI: 1000 gates LSI: 10,000 gates VLSI: > 10k gates

Corollaries: 

Corollaries Many other factors grow exponentially Ex: clock frequency, processor performance

Birth of Modern Electronics -- 1947: 

Birth of Modern Electronics -- 1947 AT&T Bell Laboratories -- Invention of Point Contact Transistor William Shockley, Walter Brittain, and John Bardeen Winners of the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics Vacuum tubes ruled in first half of 20th century Large, expensive, power-hungry, unreliable Read Crystal Fire by Riordan, Hoddeson

Solid-State Electronics Goes Commercial -- 1950 AT&T Bell Laboratories -- Junction Transistor : 

Solid-State Electronics Goes Commercial -- 1950 AT&T Bell Laboratories -- Junction Transistor

Microelectronic Revolution -- 1958: 

Microelectronic Revolution -- 1958 The First Integrated Circuit – Jack Kilby, Texas Instruments 1 Transistor and 4 Other Devices on 1 Chip Winner of the 2000 Nobel Prize

The Planar Process -- 1959: 

The Planar Process -- 1959 A More Efficient Way to Make Transistors Fairchild Electronics -- Jean Hoerni and Robert Noyce The Company still exists!

First Commercial Planar IC: 

First Commercial Planar IC Fairchild -- One Binary Digital (Bit) Memory Device on a Chip 4 Transistors and 5 Resistors START OF SMALL SCALE INTEGRATION TECHNOLOGY

A New Form of Transistor -- 1962: 

A New Form of Transistor -- 1962 Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor Radio Corporation of America (RCA) Sarnoff Laboratories

First Linear IC -- 1964: 

First Linear IC -- 1964 The mA 702 OPAMP – Fairchild

A Semiconductor Best-Seller -- 1965 µA709 Operational Amplifier Fairchild: 

A Semiconductor Best-Seller -- 1965 µA709 Operational Amplifier Fairchild

First IC Created with Computer-Aided Design -- 1967: 

First IC Created with Computer-Aided Design -- 1967 mMOSAIC – Fairchild

First 1,024 Bit Memory Chip -- 1970: 

First 1,024 Bit Memory Chip -- 1970 Intel Corporation DRAM 1970’s processes usually had only nMOS transistors Inexpensive, but consume power while idle 1980s-present: CMOS processes for low idle power

First 256-Bit Static RAM -- 1970: 

First 256-Bit Static RAM -- 1970 The Fairchild 4100

New Image Sensing Method -- 1970 First 8-bit Charge-Coupled Device Bell Laboratories: 

New Image Sensing Method -- 1970 First 8-bit Charge-Coupled Device Bell Laboratories

First EPROM -- 1971: 

First EPROM -- 1971 The INTEL 1702

Birth of the Microprocessor -- 1971: 

Birth of the Microprocessor -- 1971 The Intel 4004 – 2,300 Transistors THE FIRST COMPUTER ON A SINGLE CHIP BEGINNING OF LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION TECHNOLOGY

First General-Purpose Microprocessor -- 1974: 

First General-Purpose Microprocessor -- 1974 8-Bit Intel 8080, Intel Corporation – 4,500 Transistors

Most Widely Used Computer on a Chip -- The TMS 1000 -- 1974 Texas Instruments: 

Most Widely Used Computer on a Chip -- The TMS 1000 -- 1974 Texas Instruments

Driver of the Late 1970’s Minicomputer Revolution -- 1975: 

Driver of the Late 1970’s Minicomputer Revolution -- 1975 Advanced Micro Devices 2901 BIT-SLICE MICROPROCESSOR WELL INTO THE MEDIUM SCALE INTEGRATION ERA

Popular PC mProcessor -- 1975  Synertek 6502: 

Popular PC mProcessor -- 1975 Synertek 6502

First 65,536 Bit Dynamic Memory Chip -- 1977: 

First 65,536 Bit Dynamic Memory Chip -- 1977 IBM Corporation

One of the Most Powerful 16-Bit Microprocessors -- 1979: 

One of the Most Powerful 16-Bit Microprocessors -- 1979 The Motorola 68000 WELL INTO THE LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION ERA

Synchronizing Data Transfer -- 1980  Advanced Micro Devices AM2964 Dynamic Memory Controller : 

Synchronizing Data Transfer -- 1980 Advanced Micro Devices AM2964 Dynamic Memory Controller

First 294,912 Bit Dynamic RAM Memory -- 1981: 

First 294,912 Bit Dynamic RAM Memory -- 1981 IBM Corporation

A Very Early 32-Bit Microprocessor -- 1981: 

A Very Early 32-Bit Microprocessor -- 1981 The HP Focus Chip, Hewlett-Packard Co. – 450,000 Transistors THE VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ERA BEGINS

Intel Pentium mProcessor -- 19934 million transistors : 

Intel Pentium mProcessor -- 1993 4 million transistors

Intel Pentium 4 mProcessor -- 2003 55 million transistors: 

Intel Pentium 4 mProcessor -- 2003 55 million transistors

Gate Array, Semi-Custom, and Full-Custom ICs: 

Gate Array, Semi-Custom, and Full-Custom ICs VLSI Technology Gate Array Standard Cell Full Custom Chip Area Ratios: 3:2:1

Summary : 

Summary Moore’s Law continues to hold Transistor count doubles every 26 months Microprocessor clock rates double every 34 months Progressed through SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI, ULSI, System-on-a-Chip (SoC) eras Now in System-on-a-Package (SIP) era Nanotechnology era has begun (features smaller than 100 nanometers)