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Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus The Ming Dynasty The Qing Dynasty Ming and Qing Culture Map: Ming and Qing Dynasties The Ming and Qing Dynasties

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Reading Focus How did the Ming dynasty bring stability, prosperity and isolation to China? How did the Manchus of the Qing dynasty rule China? What cultural developments occurred during the Ming and Qing periods? Main Idea During the Ming and Qing dynasties, China prospered, but the empire entered a period of isolation in response to increasing European contact. The Ming and Qing Dynasties

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In addition, Hongwu worked to eliminate Mongol influences and revive traditional Chinese values and practices, like Confucian principles. In 1279 the Mongol leader Kublai Khan conquered China and founded the Yuan dynasty. After his death in 1294, the Yuan dynasty weakened. This weakness, combined with Chinese resentment of Mongol rule, made China ripe for rebellion—and the rise of a new dynasty. The Ming Dynasty

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Expanded Power Hongwu also greatly expanded power as emperor Did away with positions of some high level officials, took over more control of government As result, Ming emperors more powerful than in previous dynasties Eliminated anyone challenging authority; killed thousands of rivals Values, Traditions To obtain government officials educated in Confucian ideas, Hongwu restored, improved civil service examination system To root out corruption, increased influence of censors, officials who monitored government

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Yonglo In 1398 Hongwu died Following power struggle, son Yonglo became emperor Ruled from 1402 until 1424 Moved Ming capital to Beijing, in northeast China Built vast imperial city at center of Beijing City complex became known as Forbidden City because most people forbidden from entering

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Ming Sea Voyages

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The policy to end the voyages was part of a move in Ming China toward isolation from the outside world. Ming Foreign Relations

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European Influence Some Europeans gained influence in China One was Matteo Ricci, Italian Jesuit priest; arrived 1583 Mongol Threat Ming also faced renewed Mongol threat to north To improve defense, Ming restored China’s Great Wall European Learning Ricci learned Chinese, adopted customs to gain acceptance Introduced European learning in math, science Great Wall Parts of earlier walls repaired, but most construction new Much of Great Wall seen today built during Ming period Outside Influences

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Prosperity Ming rule brought prosperity to China Improved methods of irrigation increased farm production Peasants produced huge rice crops in southern river valleys Growth of Cities, Industries As population grew, so did cities Industries like manufacture of porcelain, silk expanded in response to growing European demand At same time, China remained mainly agricultural society Growth of Crops, Population 1500s, new crops like corn, sweet potatoes from Americas reached China These crops further increased farm output Stability, plentiful food led to substantial population growth Ming Economy and Society

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Ming Decline

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Analyze What were some of the strengths and weaknesses of the Ming dynasty? Answer(s): strengths—increased stability and prosperity; weaknesses—isolation from foreign influence, weak rulers in the late 1500s

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The Qing Dynasty became the last dynasty in 3,500 years of imperial rule in China. Under the Qing Dynasty’s Manchu rulers, China again grew prosperous and expanded to its largest size in history. The Qing Dynasty

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Qing China flourished under two outstanding emperors, Kangxi and his grandson Qianlong. Qing China

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Qianlong continued Ming policy of isolation, restricting foreign trade Like Chinese, Manchu saw Chinese civilization, products, as superior, expected foreigners to trade on China’s terms Accepting terms, Dutch began thriving trade in Chinese goods Obtained Chinese porcelain, silk, along with tea—which soon became main Chinese export to Europe Qing Foreign Relations

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Draw Conclusions How did cultural differences hamper trade relations between the British and the Chinese during the Qing period? Answer(s): The British official who came to trade did not perform a traditional gesture of respect to the emperor, and was sent away.

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Under Ming and Qing rule, the Chinese made many developments in the arts and literature. Ming and Qing Culture

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Analyze How did literature change during the Ming period? Answer(s): Popular fiction was written in everyday language; short stories became popular.