FRC 3252 Trop T Guava 4 1 04

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Guavas: 

Guavas

World Production and Distribution: 

World Production and Distribution World production figures are lacking. Guava is widely distributed throughout the tropics, India and Mexico major producers Florida has about 200 acres

World Production and Distribution: 

World Production and Distribution Tropical, but tolerates -2°C, best at 23-28°C Will grow at lower temps but fruit maturity time is longer

Origin and Botany: 

Origin and Botany Originated in American tropics (actual place unknown) Family Myrtaceae 80 genera, 3000 species including eucalyptus, callistemon, jaboticaba, Surinam cherry.

Origin and Botany: 

Origin and Botany Characteristics Trees and shrubs, leaves opposite Usually flowers have 4-5 sepals, numerous stamens, single ovary

Slide6: 

Major important genera Guava (Psidium) Eugenia - Surinam cherry Syzygium - wax or Malay apple Feijoa - pineapple guava

Growth and Development: 

Growth and Development Temperature has a major effect on growth 15-30°C range Fruit set opt. 24-28°C Fruit growth rate 160-220 days at low temp.

Growth and Development: 

Growth and Development Seedling - early vegetative growth Seed small, black, many in fruit Early vegetative growth dependent on temp.

Growth and Development: 

Growth and Development Seedling - early vegetative growth Grows as a shrub branching at base Leaves - ovate, pubescent on underside Young green stems are square –> round

Slide10: 

Flowering Borne in leaf axils, 2-3 on current or previous season’s growth Perfect 4-5 white petals, many stamens 1 ovary (4-5 carpels), numerous ovules Axile placentation

Slide11: 

Flowering Flowers open 5-7am, self and cross pollinated Flowering occurs once or twice/yr. Can be modified to one time by pruning (Hawaii) Florida mainly in spring and fall

Slide12: 

Pollination and fruit set Pollination via bees High percent set 60-100% (very high vs. other crops) Some cultivars are incompatible for crossing Some fruit drop occurs, but usually not related to poor pollination

Slide13: 

Fruit characteristics Many seeded, berry, single ovary 4-5 carpels Shape - globose to pear Skin green turning yellow, flesh pink, white, yellow

Slide14: 

Fruit characteristics Fruit growth sigmoid, 120-220 d, depends on temp. TSS increases, TA decreases

Slide15: 

Composition - low acid, sweet or bland types May have musky aroma when over-ripe Size 145-235 g (Table 7.5, pg. 171, handout) High in K, vitamin C, vitamin A, fiber, Ca TSS range 8-13, acid 0.2-0.4

Cultivars and Rootstocks: 

Cultivars and Rootstocks Cultivars (2n = 22) Many local cultivars worldwide, India, Indonesia Florida cultivars include: Ruby (red flesh) Supreme (white flesh) and some sweet pink and white numbered clones

Slide17: 

Rootstocks Use seedling rootstocks Scions are budded or grafted Rootstock important, nematode resistance Florida rootstocks include_____________

Cultural Practices: 

Cultural Practices Propagation Seed - common in Florida, not true-to-type Budding, grafting to rootstock - when small Rooted cuttings - leafy stem cuttings In vitro - tissue culture Air-layering

Slide19: 

Planting Soils - does well on poor soils (in fact considered a weed in some places) pH 5.0-7.0 Prepare soil - adjust pH, make planting holes

Slide20: 

Spacing - varies with location Hawaii - 5.2x7.6 m, 252 trees/ha Australia - 4x6 m, 416 trees/ha Florida - in rows 3.6-4.5 m, between rows 6.1-7.5 m, common 290-454 trees/ha Spreading growth habit not suitable for high densities

Slide21: 

Fertilization (nutrition) Scheduled based on leaf and soil analysis and growth stage N 1.7%, P 0.25%, K 1.5%, Mg 0.25%, etc Young trees - 110-225 g fertilizer - First 2 yrs

Slide22: 

Mature trees - fert. 4-5 mos. before harvest and after pruning to induce vegetative growth Applied as complete fertilizer usually granular

Slide23: 

Pruning Training young plants to single trunk 0.5-1 m above soil, and to space branches Pruning - after harvest with fertilization and irrigation to induce growth. Head back to induce lateral growth Purpose - to increase light, TSS, color

Slide24: 

Special practices – cycling Purpose - to concentrate harvest period, prevent multiple harvests varying in yields Pruning, fertilizing and irrigating after harvest condenses flowering 5-6 wks after

Slide25: 

Special practices Defoliation with urea and ethephon again causes prolific flowering 9-12 wks later, concentrates crop Windbreaks

Slide26: 

Yields - variable Hawaii - 20-30 t/ha, 198 trees/ha Australia - 50 t/ha, 805 trees/ha Taiwan - 80-90 t/ha, 800 trees/ha Florida - 10 bushels x 40 = 400 lb/tree/2.2 = 180 kg/tree x 300 T/ha = 50 mT/ha

Diseases and Pests: 

Diseases and Pests Diseases Anthracnose on fruit Blossom end rot, mucor fruit rot Many other fungi, minor importance

Slide28: 

Pests - many insects and mites Fruit flies - Oriental, Mediterranean, Natal, melon, Caribbean very important (fruit) Thrips - leaves and fruit Scales Guava fruit fly Guava moth

Harvesting and Postharvest: 

Harvesting and Postharvest Harvesting - by hand into containers For processing, harvested green, matured at 15C for gradual ripening, Climacteric fruit Maturity based on color - firm, yellow - not overripe

Harvesting and Postharvest: 

Harvesting and Postharvest Fruit may be stored at 20C for 6-8 days or in poly bags. Some fruit are protected by bagging in the field

Uses: 

Uses Mostly processing, juice, jams, purees Some fresh market, difficult to handle