the sustainable subway development in china

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The Research and Ideas on Sustainable Rail Road Development 轨道交通可持续发展的思考与研究 Professor Wang, Hao Jun, 2007

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As part of the infrastructure of a city, the cost of construction and operation of railway transportation is very high. Despite the lack of capital resources, its longevity and high efficiency bring itself a consistent development process. When it comes to the 21 century, an era of focusing on sustainable development, we need to rethink about the sustainable development of railway public transit, to review the past, to analyze the essence, and to get a conclusion that can be applied in future and tell us that a sustainable development is possible. 轨道交通作为城市基础设施，高额的建设成本和运营成本，注定了它的资源稀缺性，但它的高效性和长期性决定了它不断发展的进程。在注重可持续发展的21世纪，轨道交通的可持续发展更是值得我们思考，需要我们回顾过去，分析其内在本质，总结教训，应用于未来，走可持续发展的道路。

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Contents内容主题 1. The History of Subway Development. 2. The Analysis of the Essence of Subway. 3. Introspection and Experience Summary 4. The important Ideas for the Implement of Sustainable Development. 5. The Focus of the New Era. 一、轨道交通发展历程 二、轨道交通内在本质特征分析 三、总结反思 四、实现可持续发展的重要思路 五、新时期的关注焦点

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1.The History of Subway Development. 轨道交通发展历程 ----every city’s light rail or subway got its own history of development, the importance is what we can learn from reviewing the past. ----每座城市的轨道交通都有其发展历程，最重要的是我们能够从中反思，借鉴有益的经验。 1.The History of World Subway & Light Rail. 2.The History of Subway in China. 3.Beijing 1.世界地铁发展史 2.中国地铁发展史 3.北京

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The History of Subway Development. 轨道交通发展历程 1.The History of World Subway 世界地铁发展史 1863-1899：There were 5 countries constructing subway system,including the UK and the USA. 1900-1924：In Europe and America,9 cities had constructed subway system. 1925-1949：Interrupted by Wold War II, the construction of subway system was slow down. 1950-1974：More than 30 cities had constructed subway system. 1975-2000：More than 20 Asian cities had constructed subway system.

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The History of Railroad Transition Development. 轨道交通发展历程 2.The History of Subway in China.中国地铁发展史 The total length of current operation is 456km,equal to the total length of the subway in New York City.It is estimated that the length will be extended to 1300 km in 2010.

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1. The History of Railroad Transition Development. 轨道交通发展历程 3.Beijing 北京 In 1969,the first subway was constructed in Beijing, and its major function was war preparedness. The secondary function was to supplement public transit. The current operation length is 114.1km, including line 1,2 and Batong light rail line. Another 112km is under construction,including line 4, 5, 10 and airport line.

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2. The Analysis of the Essence of Subway. 轨道交通内在本质特征分析 ----Discover the economic characteristics and grasp the inner basic management pattern of subway system. ----挖掘轨道交通行业经济特征和经营特点，把握内在的基本规律。 1.Economic Characteristics 2.Management Patterns 1.经济特征 2.经营特征

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2. The Analysis of the Essence of Subway 轨道交通内在本质及规律分析 1. Economic Characteristics 经济特征 1.The External Characteristics Embody the improvement of environment and traffic, especially the obvious promotion on the economic development along the subway lines, for example, real estate. 2. Features of Economy of Scale The formation of subway network will influence the flow of passenger. The stations are the points that are connected by the subway lines, therefore, the economic resources will gradually cause chain reaction, brands building, and business network formation as time goes by. 3.Unique Product Life Cycle The investment in the phase of construction is very high; however, the life cycle is long.

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2. The Analysis of the Essence of Subway 轨道交通内在本质及规律分析 2.Features of Management 经营特征 1. The Limitation of Management in Time and Space Management Space: Tunnel. Management Time: Operation time. We need to think about how to use the time and space more efficiently, and how to increase the influence . 2. Stable Cash Flow The relatively stable passenger flow brings stable cash flow in every phase. 3. Magnifying of the Profit Infrastructure investment has a great potential of appreciation.Because of the uniqueness of its operation time and space, the magnifying of the profit is faster and large than other products. 。

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3. Introspection and Experience Summary 总结反思 ----Sum up the experience, review the past,introspect the lessons and problems encountered during the development of subway system. ----总结经验、回顾历史，深刻反思轨道交通发展过程中的经验教训及主要问题。 1.Policy 2.Plan 3.Construction 1.政策 2.规划 3.建设

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3. Introspection and Experience Summary 总结反思 1.Policy政策 （1）When we review the past, we find that a lot of problems are caused by the lack of scientific compensation mechanics and scientific relation between government and enterprise. （2）We need precise definition for quasi-infrastructure management, new policy, new measures and new models. （3）The lack of research on the cost, price, profit and passenger flow causes that the control information does not mach each other.

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2.Plan 规划 （1）The Network网络：The design and plan of Beijing subway network was started in 1958; however, the design was changed again and again. The ever changing design and plan has caused the following problems: the land use is uncertain, the imperfect function, the difficulty of construction, the high construction cost. The subway network and city planning are interactive with each other, but the basic structure should be consistent. 1958 1999年 2002年 3. Introspection and Experience Summary 总结反思

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（2）Lines线 The city subway system and the Batong line should be closely linked with the city planning of land use,and promote the development of each other. The choices of line development should be based on the needs of the city, otherwise, the shortage and the efficiency will co-exist. * The average capacity of Batong line is lower than 1,3. 3. Introspection and Experience Summary 总结反思

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（3）Points点 The stations of Xizhimen and Dongzhimen, disobeying the design rules of public transit characteristic,teach us a lesson: There is no integration between public transit systems, the public transit network cannot be formed, the regular public transit and the light rail transit do not supplement each other,but compete with each other. 3. Introspection and Experience Summary 总结反思

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3.Construction The standard of construction, operation and monitoring do not mach the needs of development. 建设 建设标准、运营标准、监管标准的建设滞后，跟不上发展的需要。 3. Introspection and Experience Summary 总结反思

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4. The important Ideas for the Implement of Sustainable Development. 实现可持续发展的重要思路

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1.The relation between the lines and the network. 2.The relation between the lines, network and the surrounding resources. 3.The relation between subway and buses. 4.The relation between each sub system. 5.The relation between technology and economy. 6.The relation between the development scale and the management model. 4. The important Ideas for the Implement of Sustainable Development.实现可持续发展的重要思路 1.线和网的关系 2.线网和周边资源的关系 3.轨道和公交BUS的关系 4.各子系统之间的关系 5.处理好技术与经济的关系 6.发展规模和管理模式的关系

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5. The Focus of the New Era. 新时期的关注焦点 1. The Characteristics of Building Network 2. The Needs of Diversity 3. Survive from the Market Competition 1.网络化特性 2.多样性的需求 3.市场化生存之道

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1.The Characteristics of Building Network 网络化特性 Subway system has entered a new phase of Network Building. The most important characteristic is setting up management center for multi-line to distribute resources systematically, and it includes: TCC---The management of control center for multi-line. ACC---AFC control and management center that coordinate and control all lines. Power Supply--- The main transformer room should serve for the stations of multi-line. Train ---The coordination of different lines. The coordination in special time, such as Olympic Game. Maintenance of Subway--- Sharing maintenance facility can reduce the cost and the space. 5. The Focus of the New Era.新时期的关注焦点

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2. The Needs of Diversity多样性的需求 Beijing’s unique city layout, “ two axes, two zones, multi-center”, and enlarged city space need a diverse subway system which should include: Rapid Line Service----- Long distance travel is increasing and need services such as rapid lines and express lines. Services in Suburb Area-----The current services are mainly offered in the city center. The next step is to develop subway in suburb area, which mainly serve the suburb residents. 5. The Focus of the New Era 新时期的关注焦点

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Features of Rapid Lines快线特征 Based on its unique city layout with more than one centers and chessboard structure, Beijing, an international city, needs different high-speed subway system.

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Features of Suburb Lines 郊区线特征 When we make a service choice between the current passenger flow and the future passenger flow, we should emphasize leading function, thus, we need to pay attention to the use of land which will be developed. We need more economic, highly utilized island platforms to adapt the tide-like passenger flow. The distribution of stations should mach the transit capacity, and the average distance between each station should be at least 1.5km. Power supply system: pay attention to the option of DC1500V The maximum speed in the city can be limited at 80Km/h，and 100~120km/h in suburb area. Increase speed, and improve service quality.

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3. Survive from the Market Competition 市场化生存之道 A super-big city needs big-scale construction of rail road public transit. The governmental capital won’t be enough, therefore, the different financing channels should be developed. We should fully take advantage of the connection between subway and the business development along the subway lines, so that the profit of subway operation will be increased. 5. The Focus of the New Era 新时期的关注焦点