Nilsson Presentation

Nuclear Security: 

Nuclear Security Anita Nilsson Director, Office of Nuclear Security IAEA Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology

Main Threats of Nuclear Terrorism: 

Main Threats of Nuclear Terrorism A nuclear explosive device Theft of device Theft of material to make a device Radiological Dispersal Device Theft of radioactive material Sabotage for dispersal A nuclear facility/location Transport

The Dual Use Aspect: 

The Dual Use Aspect Dilemma: Peaceful uses of nuclear technologies are essential for development, and of vital importance in our daily lives Nuclear materials for nuclear weapons require, produced with similar or the same physics and chemical processes I.E.: The same processes for peaceful and military applications Thus, the use of nuclear technologies must be based on a universal acceptance and implementation of States obligations for peaceful, safe and secure uses.

Growing energy demand – nuclear expectations: 

Growing energy demand – nuclear expectations Will result in: increased production of source material, more nuclear power plants, fuel cycle facilities and waste disposal facilities. The volume of transports will increase. Many Countries have declared their interest for nuclear energy. This will result in a significant growth in nuclear energy Measures for nuclear security must be systematically implemented, alongside with nuclear safety

Global Security EvolutionCold War - Post Cold War - Post 9/11: 

Global Security Evolution Cold War - Post Cold War - Post 9/11 Malicious Unpredictable Incalculable Main Players Threats Motives Nation-states Bi-polar Superpowers High density, high intensity Lower Probability Physical overkill Geopolitical Predictable Calculable Non-States Small states Global network Low density, low intensity Higher probability Socio - psychological terror

Illicit nuclear trafficking: 

Illicit nuclear trafficking Established in 1995 Network of points of contact connecting 94 states and several international organizations Information collected from official sources supplemented by open sources Provision of “raw” data, statistics and analytical products Expanding work to improve scope and quality of data collection Building a network to improve knowledge sharing among national and international relevant authorities ITDB programme Membership

Aggregate confirmed information, 1993-2006: 

Aggregate confirmed information, 1993-2006 1079 confirmed incidents, as of 31 December 2006 252 incidents confirmed during 2006; 149 occurred in 2006, 103 before 2006.

Legal instruments to combat nuclear terrorism: 

Legal instruments to combat nuclear terrorism Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials (Amended in 2005) >110 States (and Euratom) Parties. Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism >100 States signatories Safeguards Agreements and Additional Protocols Several States have yet to sign and ratify the Additional Protocol. UN Security Council Resolutions 1540 and 1374 Obligations are binding for all States. Nuclear Safety Conventions Non-binding Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources

Global Nuclear Security Regime: 

Global Nuclear Security Regime Safeguard Safety Security Safeguard Safety Security Nuclear Safeguard – Non-proliferation Nuclear Security – Counter Terrorism Nuclear Safety – Technical Accident Prevention Holistic Approach

Basic approaches for international efforts to strengthen nuclear (and radiological) security: 

Basic approaches for international efforts to strengthen nuclear (and radiological) security Responsibility for nuclear and radiological security rests with each individual State. “Nuclear, and radiological, terrorism is one of the greatest threats to society.” The building of infrastructure to combat nuclear terrorism is in the beginning; efforts must be accelerated to catch up with the need to strengthen prevention against such acts. The IAEA has an important role in the global efforts to improve the global nuclear security framework and for promoting its implementation. “New” recognition of the need of broad approaches and of synergies between security, safety and safeguards. Establish international cooperation while maintaining confidentiality of sensitive information.

Comprehensive Nuclear Security Approach: 

Comprehensive Nuclear Security Approach Needs assessment, analysis and information Prevention (first line of defence) Accountancy, SSAC, registry of sources Security Infrastructure Physical protection Detection & Response (second line of defence) Nuclear Security Support (Knowledge Base, Legal Framework) Detection and Monitoring, interdiction and seizure Threat assessment and response Radiological Event Law Enforcement, intelligence Mitigation and Recovery Radiological emergency response Maintaining confidentiality of information Information data-banks, Illicit Trafficking Database, analysis of information, programme feed-back Integrated Nuclear Security Support Plans, Interaction with general public.

IAEA Nuclear Security ProgrammeFields of Activities: 

IAEA Nuclear Security Programme Fields of Activities Facilitating the establishment of international legal instruments Developing the nuclear security framework; Guidance and recommendations The Nuclear Security Series documents Evaluation & advisory services to States Capacity building in States Human resource development; training at all levels, graduate education. Technical assistance and advice Detection and security equipment and upgrades Risk reduction in States: Facilitating the recovery and securing of materials; e.g. research reactor fuel, orphan sources, vulnerable sources Facilitating reactor conversions or decommissioning Research and Development Information services

Concluding remarks: 

Concluding remarks The strengthened platform of international legal instruments is a very significant step forward and a major challenge for States and the IAEA. The ratification and implementation of the international instruments must be accelerated. (All) States must drive this process with dedication. Increased coordination and cooperation is required, including for education, training, detection equipment, scientific support and information analysis and feedback. IAEA to maintain a leading role in the global efforts to improve global nuclear (and radiological) security and provide assistance to countries with limited resources. International cooperation and coordination is essential and must be strengthened.