logging in or signing up Quantitative Research Design * Dr. A. Asgari Azia1980 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 986 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (3) Dislike it (0) Added: August 31, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 2 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: amannasar (12 month(s) ago) Randee, this is difficult Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: Amponsah (15 month(s) ago) Found the slide very useful. Can assess be granted for download? Thanks Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: jameszheng116 (19 month(s) ago) Hi, I am a college student. Your PPT is quite interesting so that I want to give it a learning. Can you send your PPT to jameszheng116@126.com. Thanks a lot. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: kiernanst (19 month(s) ago) I thought it was very complete and practical. Please send your presentation to stephenmurray@yahoo.com. Many thanks Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: jayadev (21 month(s) ago) Very good PPT! please send it to pkjdev@rediffmail.com jayadev pk Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close loading.... See all Premium member Presentation Transcript QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN : QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN Dr. Azadeh Asgari 1 Research Methodology Correlational Research : Correlational Research To study to what extent variation in one factor is related to variation on one or more factors based on a coefficient index. PURPOSE – to establish there is relationship, and strength of relationship between two or more quantitative variables based on a coefficient value. Purpose – to ascertain there exist a relationship or to use relationships to predict. Correlational Research : Correlational Research Example: Relationship between achievement in English and achievement in mathematics Variables that have strong relationships vs variable that is the cause and it affects another variable. Example: Relationship between self concept and achievement) Coefficient of Determination : Coefficient of Determination Assesses the proportion of variability in one variable that can be determined or explained by A second variable. e.g. R = .7 R2 = .49 = 49% I.E. 49% of the variability in Y can be determined or explained by X E.G. Parents' education level explains 49% of students satisfaction Examples of Correlational Research : Examples of Correlational Research Relationships between grades obtained through criterion reference for several subjects. A study to predict success at the graduate level based on inter-correlational patterns of variables at the undergraduate level. SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ : SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ Y HIGH X HIGH LOW LOW PERFECT POSITIVE CORRELATION (+1.00) SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ : SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ Y PERFECT NEGATIVE CORRELATION (-1.00) HIGH X HIGH LOW LOW SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ : SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ Y HIGH POSITIVE CORRELATION ( .83) HIGH X HIGH LOW LOW SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ : SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ Y SUBSTANTIAL NEGATIVE CORRELATION (- .76) HIGH X HIGH LOW LOW SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ : SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ Y MODERATE POSITIVE CORRELATION (.57) HIGH X HIGH LOW LOW SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ : SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ Y ZERO CORRELATION (0.00) HIGH X HIGH LOW LOW Coefficient of Correlation (bivariate) : Coefficient of Correlation (bivariate) Pearson’s product moment coefficient of correlation Point biserial correlation Biserial correlation Phi (φ) coefficient Contingency coefficient Spearman’s rho coefficient of correlation Multivariate Correlation : Multivariate Correlation MULTIPLE REGRESSION DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS CANONICAL CORRELATION PATH ANALYSIS Ex-post Facto Research : Ex-post Facto Research Also known as causal comparative research. Purpose = to study cause-effect relationships by observing ‘effect’ that exist and relooking again the data to understand the causal factor. Differ from experimental research in which data collection is done in a controlled situation. Ex-post Facto Research : Ex-post Facto Research Some Examples: To identify the attributes of an effective teacher which has been defined as performance in the annual assessment and comparing data on students’ performance for the last 10 years from his/her personal file. To see behavioural patterns and student achievement of year one students who had undergone or not undergone kindergarten before entering school. To identify the attributes of an effective teacher which has been defined as performance in the annual assessment and comparing data on students’ performance for the last 10 years from his/her personal file. Ex-post Facto Research : Ex-post Facto Research Researched after a situation or an event has happened. The researcher will look at one or more ‘effects’ and study the data by reflecting on previous evidences to seek the answers to the cause, relationships and give explanations. Ex-post Facto Research : Ex-post Facto Research Strengths: Very suitable for situations where experimental research which is stronger, is unable to be done: If in a situation where factors such as selection, control and manipulation of variables are unable to be done to see direct cause-effect relationships. If laboratory control for the purpose of research is not practical, too expensive, or not ethical if conducted. Ex-post Facto Research : Ex-post Facto Research Strengths: This method provides useful information on phenomena which had happened : Which variable is related to which variable? Under which situation? How is the sequence, how is the pattern like? Weaknesses of Ex-post Facto’ Research : Weaknesses of Ex-post Facto’ Research Main – lack of control over independent variable – not able to manipulate the variable which affect the ‘effect’– therefore, the need to study as many possible causes which may provide the results – problem = cannot be sure of the cause-effect relationships. Problem of ascertaining that all causal factors have been included in the research. Complications due to the fact that may be not one factor is the cause – maybe combinations of several factors or interactions of several factors are the cause. Steps to Do Ex-post Facto Research : Steps to Do Ex-post Facto Research Identify the problem Survey related literature State the hypothesis List all possible assumptions that become the basis of the hypothesis Approach: a) Choose the subjects b) Select data collection technique c) Specify the category to classify the data which may not be directly related, but may have relationships. Check for the validity of data collection Provide explanations, analysis, and interpretation of results. Experimental Research : Experimental Research Unlike ex post facto and correlational studies which stress on relationships / associations, experimental research could explain cause-effect relationships between variables. A design that involves the manipulation of one variable (treatment) followed by observations made on the effect of the manipulation on one or more dependent variables Experimental Research : Experimental Research The variables that are manipulated are the experimental variable or treatment variable or independent variable. Most experimental research in education uses a group that is compared to the experimental group and do not receive the treatment = control group. Experimental Research : Experimental Research Example: pre-experiment (one-group pretest and posttest) O1 x O2 Problems in experiment – to ascertain the suitable control group so that any change in the posttest should be identified due to the treatment which the researcher has manipulated (true) r O1 x O2 R O1 O2 Internal Validity Threats in Experimental Research : Internal Validity Threats in Experimental Research To what extent extraneous variables are being controlled by researcher. If extraneous variables are not controlled, the researcher is not certain that the affected change on the experimental group is caused by the treatment or the extraneous variable. Experimental Research : Experimental Research CONTROL: nonrandomized control group pretest-posttest (Quasi) E O1 X O2 C o1 o2 Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research : Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research History Maturation processes Pretesting procedures Measuring instruments Statistical regression Differential selection of subjects Experimental mortality Interaction of selection and maturation Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research : Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research Interaction of selection & x Interaction of pretesting & x Reactive experimental procedures Multiple-treatment interference Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research : Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research History Situation/event other than treatment may occur between the first and second measurement. Maturation Processes Changes (biological/psychological) which may occur to the subjects at the right time. Pretesting Procedures Answering the pretest before treatment may interfere with subject’s performance in the posttest. Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research : Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research Measuring Instruments May be due to instruments that are not reliable; changes in instruments; changes in level of difficulty Statistical Regression May occur if students with extreme scores in the pretest regress towards the mean of the posttest even if without treatment Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research : Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research Differential Selection of Subjects Important differences had existed between the e group and the c group even before the treatment was administered Experimental Mortality Reduction in number due to drop outs Selection-Maturation Interaction Preexisting maturation undetected during selection especially in intact groups Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research : Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research Experimenter Bias Unintentional effects that the researcher has on the study Hawthorne Effect Subject effects Henry Effect Control group knowing they are being experimented on exerting extra effort and performing above expected average You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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Quantitative Research Design * Dr. A. Asgari Azia1980 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 986 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (3) Dislike it (0) Added: August 31, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 2 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: amannasar (12 month(s) ago) Randee, this is difficult Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: Amponsah (15 month(s) ago) Found the slide very useful. Can assess be granted for download? Thanks Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: jameszheng116 (19 month(s) ago) Hi, I am a college student. Your PPT is quite interesting so that I want to give it a learning. Can you send your PPT to jameszheng116@126.com. Thanks a lot. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: kiernanst (19 month(s) ago) I thought it was very complete and practical. Please send your presentation to stephenmurray@yahoo.com. Many thanks Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: jayadev (21 month(s) ago) Very good PPT! please send it to pkjdev@rediffmail.com jayadev pk Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close loading.... See all Premium member Presentation Transcript QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN : QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN Dr. Azadeh Asgari 1 Research Methodology Correlational Research : Correlational Research To study to what extent variation in one factor is related to variation on one or more factors based on a coefficient index. PURPOSE – to establish there is relationship, and strength of relationship between two or more quantitative variables based on a coefficient value. Purpose – to ascertain there exist a relationship or to use relationships to predict. Correlational Research : Correlational Research Example: Relationship between achievement in English and achievement in mathematics Variables that have strong relationships vs variable that is the cause and it affects another variable. Example: Relationship between self concept and achievement) Coefficient of Determination : Coefficient of Determination Assesses the proportion of variability in one variable that can be determined or explained by A second variable. e.g. R = .7 R2 = .49 = 49% I.E. 49% of the variability in Y can be determined or explained by X E.G. Parents' education level explains 49% of students satisfaction Examples of Correlational Research : Examples of Correlational Research Relationships between grades obtained through criterion reference for several subjects. A study to predict success at the graduate level based on inter-correlational patterns of variables at the undergraduate level. SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ : SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ Y HIGH X HIGH LOW LOW PERFECT POSITIVE CORRELATION (+1.00) SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ : SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ Y PERFECT NEGATIVE CORRELATION (-1.00) HIGH X HIGH LOW LOW SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ : SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ Y HIGH POSITIVE CORRELATION ( .83) HIGH X HIGH LOW LOW SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ : SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ Y SUBSTANTIAL NEGATIVE CORRELATION (- .76) HIGH X HIGH LOW LOW SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ : SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ Y MODERATE POSITIVE CORRELATION (.57) HIGH X HIGH LOW LOW SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ : SCATTERGRAM OF ‘r’ Y ZERO CORRELATION (0.00) HIGH X HIGH LOW LOW Coefficient of Correlation (bivariate) : Coefficient of Correlation (bivariate) Pearson’s product moment coefficient of correlation Point biserial correlation Biserial correlation Phi (φ) coefficient Contingency coefficient Spearman’s rho coefficient of correlation Multivariate Correlation : Multivariate Correlation MULTIPLE REGRESSION DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS CANONICAL CORRELATION PATH ANALYSIS Ex-post Facto Research : Ex-post Facto Research Also known as causal comparative research. Purpose = to study cause-effect relationships by observing ‘effect’ that exist and relooking again the data to understand the causal factor. Differ from experimental research in which data collection is done in a controlled situation. Ex-post Facto Research : Ex-post Facto Research Some Examples: To identify the attributes of an effective teacher which has been defined as performance in the annual assessment and comparing data on students’ performance for the last 10 years from his/her personal file. To see behavioural patterns and student achievement of year one students who had undergone or not undergone kindergarten before entering school. To identify the attributes of an effective teacher which has been defined as performance in the annual assessment and comparing data on students’ performance for the last 10 years from his/her personal file. Ex-post Facto Research : Ex-post Facto Research Researched after a situation or an event has happened. The researcher will look at one or more ‘effects’ and study the data by reflecting on previous evidences to seek the answers to the cause, relationships and give explanations. Ex-post Facto Research : Ex-post Facto Research Strengths: Very suitable for situations where experimental research which is stronger, is unable to be done: If in a situation where factors such as selection, control and manipulation of variables are unable to be done to see direct cause-effect relationships. If laboratory control for the purpose of research is not practical, too expensive, or not ethical if conducted. Ex-post Facto Research : Ex-post Facto Research Strengths: This method provides useful information on phenomena which had happened : Which variable is related to which variable? Under which situation? How is the sequence, how is the pattern like? Weaknesses of Ex-post Facto’ Research : Weaknesses of Ex-post Facto’ Research Main – lack of control over independent variable – not able to manipulate the variable which affect the ‘effect’– therefore, the need to study as many possible causes which may provide the results – problem = cannot be sure of the cause-effect relationships. Problem of ascertaining that all causal factors have been included in the research. Complications due to the fact that may be not one factor is the cause – maybe combinations of several factors or interactions of several factors are the cause. Steps to Do Ex-post Facto Research : Steps to Do Ex-post Facto Research Identify the problem Survey related literature State the hypothesis List all possible assumptions that become the basis of the hypothesis Approach: a) Choose the subjects b) Select data collection technique c) Specify the category to classify the data which may not be directly related, but may have relationships. Check for the validity of data collection Provide explanations, analysis, and interpretation of results. Experimental Research : Experimental Research Unlike ex post facto and correlational studies which stress on relationships / associations, experimental research could explain cause-effect relationships between variables. A design that involves the manipulation of one variable (treatment) followed by observations made on the effect of the manipulation on one or more dependent variables Experimental Research : Experimental Research The variables that are manipulated are the experimental variable or treatment variable or independent variable. Most experimental research in education uses a group that is compared to the experimental group and do not receive the treatment = control group. Experimental Research : Experimental Research Example: pre-experiment (one-group pretest and posttest) O1 x O2 Problems in experiment – to ascertain the suitable control group so that any change in the posttest should be identified due to the treatment which the researcher has manipulated (true) r O1 x O2 R O1 O2 Internal Validity Threats in Experimental Research : Internal Validity Threats in Experimental Research To what extent extraneous variables are being controlled by researcher. If extraneous variables are not controlled, the researcher is not certain that the affected change on the experimental group is caused by the treatment or the extraneous variable. Experimental Research : Experimental Research CONTROL: nonrandomized control group pretest-posttest (Quasi) E O1 X O2 C o1 o2 Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research : Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research History Maturation processes Pretesting procedures Measuring instruments Statistical regression Differential selection of subjects Experimental mortality Interaction of selection and maturation Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research : Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research Interaction of selection & x Interaction of pretesting & x Reactive experimental procedures Multiple-treatment interference Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research : Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research History Situation/event other than treatment may occur between the first and second measurement. Maturation Processes Changes (biological/psychological) which may occur to the subjects at the right time. Pretesting Procedures Answering the pretest before treatment may interfere with subject’s performance in the posttest. Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research : Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research Measuring Instruments May be due to instruments that are not reliable; changes in instruments; changes in level of difficulty Statistical Regression May occur if students with extreme scores in the pretest regress towards the mean of the posttest even if without treatment Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research : Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research Differential Selection of Subjects Important differences had existed between the e group and the c group even before the treatment was administered Experimental Mortality Reduction in number due to drop outs Selection-Maturation Interaction Preexisting maturation undetected during selection especially in intact groups Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research : Extraneous Variables Threatening Experimental Research Experimenter Bias Unintentional effects that the researcher has on the study Hawthorne Effect Subject effects Henry Effect Control group knowing they are being experimented on exerting extra effort and performing above expected average