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THE NATION AT WAR: 

THE NATION AT WAR America: Past and Present Chapter 24

A New World Power: 

A New World Power American foreign policy aggressive, nationalistic since late 19th century Colonialism draws U.S. into international affairs

"I Took the Canal Zone": 

"I Took the Canal Zone" 1903--Colombian senate refuses to allow U.S. to build Panama Canal Roosevelt abetted revolution to separate Panama from Colombia Independent Panama permits construction 1914--Panama Canal opened

The Panama Canal Zone: 

The Panama Canal Zone

The Roosevelt Corollary: 

The Roosevelt Corollary U.S. treats Latin America as a protectorate “Roosevelt Corollary”--U.S. will ensure stability of Latin American finance Roosevelt Corollary spurs intervention in Dominican Republic Panama Cuba

Ventures in the Far East: 

Ventures in the Far East 1905--TR mediates the Ruso-Japanese War Diplomatic agreements with Japan Korea under Japanese influence Japan to respect U.S. control of Philippines Japanese resentment builds over Open Door policy in China

Taft and Dollar Diplomacy: 

Taft and Dollar Diplomacy Taft substitutes economic force for military American bankers replaced Europeans in Caribbean Taft's support for U.S. economic influence in Manchuria alienates China, Japan, Russia

Foreign Policy Under Wilson: 

Foreign Policy Under Wilson Wilson inexperienced in diplomacy Tries to base foreign policy on moral force

Conducting Moral Diplomacy: 

Conducting Moral Diplomacy Wilson negotiated “cooling-off” treaties to try and settle disputes without war Resorts to military force in Latin America intervened there more than Roosevelt or Taft

Troubles Across the Border: 

Troubles Across the Border 1913--Huerta leads coup in Mexico Wilson denies Huerta recognition Revolutionary regimes must reflect “a just government based upon law” Wilson blocks arms shipments to Mexico 1914--U.S. seizes Vera Cruz 1916--U.S. Army pursues “Pancho” Villa across U.S., Mexican border

Activities of the United States in the Caribbean, 1898-1930: 

Activities of the United States in the Caribbean, 1898-1930

Toward War: 

Toward War 1914--War in Europe Central Powers headed by Germany Allied Powers headed by England, France Wilson sympathizes with England, seeks U.S. neutrality

The Neutrality Policy: 

The Neutrality Policy Progressives see war as wasteful, irrational Suspicion that business seeks war for profit Immigrants prefer U.S. neutrality A long tradition of U.S. neutrality Americans see little national stake in war

Freedom of the Seas: 

Freedom of the Seas England blockades Germany U.S. ships to Germany seized Wilson accepts English promise of reimbursement at war’s end

The U-Boat Threat: 

The U-Boat Threat German submarines violate international law by shooting without warning August, 1915-- Lusitania sunk by U-Boat April, 1916--Wilson issues ultimatum: call off attacks on cargo and passenger ships or U.S.-German relations will be severed Germany pledges to honor U.S. neutrality

"He Kept Us Out of War": 

"He Kept Us Out of War" 1916--Wilson campaigns on record of neutrality Republican Charles Evans Hughes campaigns on tougher line against Germany Wilson wins close election wins large labor, progressive vote wins majority of women’s vote

The Final Months of Peace: 

The Final Months of Peace 1917--Germany lifts restrictions on U-Boats Wilson’s response orders U.S. merchant vessels armed orders U.S. Navy to fire on German U-Boats April 2, 1917--War declared on Germany

Over There: 

Over There U.S. allies in danger of losing war Germans sink 881,000 tons of Allied shipping during April, 1917 mutinies in French army British drive in Flanders Stalled Bolsheviks sign separate peace with Germany; German troops to West Italian army routed Allies braced for spring, 1918 offensive

U.S. Losses to the German Submarine Campaign, 1916-1918: 

U.S. Losses to the German Submarine Campaign, 1916-1918

Mobilization: 

Mobilization No U.S. contingency plans for war 200,000 troops at war’s beginning Draft conscripts 2.8 million by war’s end

European Alliances and Battlefronts, 1914-1917: 

European Alliances and Battlefronts, 1914-1917

War in the Trenches: 

War in the Trenches Teaming of U.S., English navies halves Allied losses to submarines June 1917--U.S. troops arrive in France Spring, 1918--U.S. forces help halt final German offensive battle of Chateau Thierry battle of Belleau Wood September--Germans out of St. Mihiel

The Western Front: U.S. Participation, 1918: 

The Western Front: U.S. Participation, 1918

Over Here: 

Over Here Victory on front depends on mobilization at home Wilson consolidates federal authority to organize war production and distribution Wilson begins campaign for American emotions

The Conquest of Convictions: 

The Conquest of Convictions 1918--Wilson uses popular anti-German rage to pass the Sedition Act criticism of the war was penalized dissenters imprisoned Summer, 1918--anticommunism prompts deployment of U.S. troops to Russia 1918-1919--“Red Scare” results in domestic suppression of “radicals”

A Bureaucratic War: 

A Bureaucratic War Wartime agencies supervise production, distribution to maximize war effort Government seizes some businesses to keep them running Cooperation between government and business the norm Business profits from wartime industry

Labor in the War: 

Labor in the War Union membership swells Labor shortage prompts wage increase entry of Mexican-Americans, women, African- Americans to war-related industrial work force

African American Migration Northward, 1910-1920: 

African American Migration Northward, 1910-1920

Labor in the War (2): 

Labor in the War (2) 200,000 blacks serve in France 42,000 combat troops Great Migration to northern factories blacks must adjust industrial work pace encounter Northern racism 1917-1919--Race riots in urban North Wartime experience prompts new surge of black resistance

The Treaty of Versailles: 

The Treaty of Versailles Common concern about Bolshevik revolution Wilson’s Fourteen points call for non-punitive settlement England and France balk at Fourteen Points want Germany disarmed and crippled want Germany’s colonies skeptical of principle of self-determination

A Peace at Paris: 

A Peace at Paris Wilson fails to deflect Allied punishment of Germany in treaty Treaty creates Wilson’s League of Nations Article X of League charter requires members to protect each others’ territorial integrity League's jurisdiction excludes member nations’ domestic affairs

Europe after The Treaty Versailles, 1919: 

Europe after The Treaty Versailles, 1919

Rejection in the Senate: 

Rejection in the Senate Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge leads opposition to Treaty, League October, 1919--stroke disables Wilson November--Treaty fails in Senate January, 1920--final defeat of Treaty July, 1921--U.S. peace declared by joint Congressional resolution

Rejection in the Senate (2): 

Rejection in the Senate (2) Wilson hopes reelection will provide mandate for League of Nations Landslide for Republican Warren Harding Defeat of League of Nations brings defeat of Progressive spirit

Postwar Disillusionment: 

Postwar Disillusionment To the next generation the war seemed futile, wasteful The progressive spirit survived but without enthusiasm or broad based support Americans welcomed Harding’s return to “normalcy”