DIABETES MELLITUS

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DIABETES:

DIABETES Presentation by – Anuja A Bandivadekar.

questions ???:

questions ??? What is it all about? What is the cause? What are the consequences? Is it curable? What is the treatment?

Diabetes mellitus:

Diabetes mellitus A metabolic disease. High blood sugar (hyperglycemia). Malfunction of pancreas. A chronic disease.

Interesting facts:

Interesting facts The term diabetes was coined by Aretaeus of Cappadocia. Derived from the greek word diabainein , which means passing through or siphon. Thomas Willis added Mellitus which means honey (in latin). Characterized by sweet taste of urine. Ancient Indians tested it by observing whether antsare attracted to a person’s urine.

CAUSE:

CAUSE THE MAIN CAUSE OF DIABETES IS RELATED TO INSULIN. RESULTS EITHER FROM INADEQUATE SECRETION OF INSULIN OR EXCESSIVE SECRETION .

Slide 6:

Digestion Food intake Cycle : Increase in blood sugar. Release of Insulin Glucose enter the cells Energy supplied Energy is supplied to the cells with the help of insulin, as it enables the glucose to enter the cell, which normally it can’t .

Pancreas :

Pancreas Pancreas is a deep seated organ in abdomen , behind the stomach. Beta cells of Langerhans produces Insulin. Insulin when released, controls sugar level in blood. Unproportionate release of Insulin results into diabetes

Impact of diabetes:

Impact of diabetes It may lead to microvascular diseases : Blindness Kidney failure Nerve damage Or macrovascular diseases : Atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of arteries ) Strokes Coronary heart diseases kidney Heart

symptoms:

symptoms Increase in blood sugar level. Dehydration. Increase in water consumption and thirst. Inability to metabolize protein, fat & carbohydrate. Weight loss Increase in appetite. Nausea , vomiting, fatigue. Prone to : skin, vaginal areas, bladder infections. Poor healing of wounds, leads to gangrene.

types of diabetes :

types of diabetes Type 1 Type 2 Gestational diabetes Other types: 1. hormonal defects. 2. genetic defects in beta cells. 3. genetically related insulin resistance. 4. disease of pancreas. 5. chemicals or drugs.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus:

Type 1 diabetes mellitus Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM). No preventive measure. Usually seen in children, hence also called as juvenile diabetes . Cause: 1. deficiency of insulin. 2. loss of beta cells is due to T-cell mediated autoimmune attack.

Treatment for type 1:

Treatment for type 1 It can be treated by replacing insulin through: subcutaneous injections. Insulin pumps. Insulin inhalers ( EXUBERA , approved by FDA in Jan 2006).

TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS:

TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ( NIDDM ). Usually seen in adults in the age range of 30 and above. Cause : Due to combination of defective insulin secretion and insulin resistance. factors : Age . Obesity. Genetic component. Poor eating habits. Lack of exercise.

Treatment for type 2:

Treatment for type 2 Change in physical activity i.e. exercise. Diet. Oral antidiabetic drug. In oral medication various drug combinations are used, E.g.: to improve insulin production sulfonylurea.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM):

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) Similar to type 2 diabetes. Combination of inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness. Develops during pregnancy and disappears after it. Women may develop type 2 diabetes later in life. May damage foetus. Can be treated.

related problems:

related problems GDM if untreated may lead to problems such as: Macrosomia (high birth weight). Fetal malformation. Congenital heart disease. Risks with central nervous system. Sketal muscle malformation. Respiratory distress syndrome. Hyperbilirubelimia (destruction of RBC’S). Poor placental formation. Prenatal death.

MEDICINES:

MEDICINES NON ORAL DRUG : INSULIN EXENATIDE AND PRAMLINTIDE ARE NEW INJECTABLE DRUGS APPROVED BY FDA IN 2005 TO TREAT TYPE 2. ORAL DRUG : SULFONYLUREAS MEGLITINIDES BIGUANIDES THIAZOLIDINEDIONES

REFERENCES:

REFERENCES www.wikipedia.com www.sciencedirect.com www.med.com Thank you !!!