logging in or signing up The Language of Medicine Chabner Ch10 An AnneOsman Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 557 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: March 29, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: alisha222 (17 month(s) ago) In fact, vagus nerve is two nerves and both of them, runs from the brain stem and then the branches out separately, as they go down the body, across through the abdomen and also to main organs such as to the heart and to the stomach. The vagus nerve disorders are often also called as tenth cranial nerve disorders. Any disorders they can cause variety of unusual effects upon body of the human. http://www.disorderscentral.com/vagus-nerve-disorders.html Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: tanzeelm (19 month(s) ago) Could you please allow this material to be downloaded. Thanks Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: julianaliu919 (21 month(s) ago) Hi, I like it very much. I am new student in MA, can i downland these PPTS? Thank you so much, have a very good day! Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript The Nervous System p. 333 : 1 The Nervous System p. 333 The central processing unit Nervous System Overview : Nervous System Overview 2 A nerve is a bundle of microscopic nerve cells. Nerves carry electrical messages all over the body. Stimuli activate nerve cell membranes to release stored electrical energy. (singular: stimulus) 3. This energy, called a nervous impulse, travels the length of the nerve cell. 4. Receptors receive the impulses and transmit them to the spinal cord and brain (the central nervous system.) 5. The central nervous system (CNS) recognizes, interprets, and sends this information to other nerve cells in other parts of the body, such as muscles, glands, and internal organs. How Nerves Work, pt 1 : How Nerves Work, pt 1 A nerve is a bundle of nerve cells. External stimuli and internal chemicals activate cell membranes of nerve cells to release stored electrical energy. This energy, when passed along the length of the nerve cell, is called the nervous impulse. 3 How Nerves Work, pt 2 : How Nerves Work, pt 2 External receptors (sense organs) and internal receptors in muscles and blood vessels receive nervous impulses and transmit them to the brain and spinal cord, where they are interpreted and relayed to other nerve cells (neurons) that extend out to all parts of the body. 4 Parts of the Nervous System p. 334-337 : 5 Parts of the Nervous System p. 334-337 Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): 12 pairs of cranial nerves carry impulses between brain and head and neck Exception: 10th cranial nerve (vagus nerve) connects to the head, neck, chest, and abdomen 31 pairs of spinal nerves carry impulses between the spinal cord and the chest, abdomen, and extremities (arms and legs) autonomic nerves function involuntarily (without conscious control) Divisions of the CNS and PNS : 6 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BRAIN SPINAL CORD AUTONOMIC NERVES SYMPATHETIC NERVES PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES SPINAL NERVES CRANIAL NERVES Divisions of the CNS and PNS Spinal & Cranial Nerves : Spinal & Cranial Nerves Spinal and cranial nerves help the body respond to the outside world. They include: Sense receptors for sight, hearing, balance (ear), smell Sensory nerves carry messages to the brain regarding changes in the environment. Motor nerves carry commands from the brain to muscles, telling them how to respond. 7 Slide 8: 8 I smell II vision III eye movement, pupil size IV eye movement V face, scalp, mouth, nose sensation, chewing VI eye movement VII face and scalp movement, tongue and taste sensation, ear pain and temperature VIII hearing, balance IX ear, tongue, and throat sensation, throat movement X throat, larynx, chest, abdominal sensation; larynx , chest, and throat movement XI neck muscle movement XII tongue movement Spinal cord, spinal nerves, and spinal plexuses. : Spinal cord, spinal nerves, and spinal plexuses. 9 A plexus is a large network of nerves in the peripheral nervous system. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM : AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM functions automatically, without conscious control carries impulses away from the CNS to the glands heart blood vessels involuntary muscles in intestines and hollow organs (such as stomach and urinary bladder) 10 Types & functions of autonomic nerves : Types & functions of autonomic nerves sympathetic stimulate the heart in times of stress. increase heart rate and forcefulness increase b/p (blood pressure) dilate airways to admit more oxygen stimulate adrenal glands slow digestion parasymapathetic slow heart rate contract pupils of eyes lower b/p (blood pressure) increase quantities of secretions, like saliva stimulate peristalsis 11 Neurons: nervous system cells p. 338 : 12 Neurons: nervous system cells p. 338 all neurons have: one axon one cell body one or more dendrite Neuron Vocabulary : Neuron Vocabulary neuron dendrite ganglion ganglia axon stimulus myelin sheath synapse neurotransmitter parenchymal tissue nerve cell branching fibers of a neuron small collection of nerve cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord plural of ganglion part of the neuron which carries the impulse away from the cell body something that directly influences the activity of a part of the body fatty tissue which covers an axon the space between two neurons the chemical which transfers the nervous impulse from one neuron to the next neurons and nerves, which conduct impulses through the body 13 Other types of nervous system cells : Other types of nervous system cells supporting tissue stromal tissue of the nervous system star-shaped glia that transport water and salts between capillaries and neurons small cells that protect neurons in response to inflammation cells that form the myelin sheath that protects axons cells that line nervous system membranes and help form cerebrospinal fluid 14 stromal tissue glia astrocytes microglia oligodendrogllia ependymal cells Glial cells control the passage of harmful substances from the blood into the nerve cells of the brain. This is called the blood-brain barrier. Parts of the Brain p. 280 : 15 Parts of the Brain p. 280 cerebrum cerebellum brainstem: pons medulla oblongata The Brain p. 340 : 16 The Brain p. 340 cerebrum cerebellum medulla oblongata pons Functions of parts of the brain : Functions of parts of the brain cerebrum thalamus hypothalamus cerebellum pons medulla oblongata thinking, personality, sensations, movements, memory relay station for sensory impulses body temperature, sleep, appetite, emotions, pituitary gland coordination of voluntary movements and balance connection of nerves (to eyes and face) regulation of heart, blood vessels, respiratory system 17 Features of the brain : Features of the brain ventricles cerebrospinal fluid cerebral hemisphere cerebral cortex gyri spaces or canals watery fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord the right or the left side of the brain sheets of nerve cells on the surface of the cerebrum folds on the surface of the cerebral cortex 18 The meninges: three membranes p. 344 : 19 The meninges: three membranes p. 344 envelop the entire CNS (central nervous system) dura mater arachnoid pia mater the outer, hardest, toughest the middle, web-like the inner, thinnest Spaces between the meninges p. 278 : 20 Spaces between the meninges p. 278 Spaces between the meninges p. 278 : 21 Spaces between the meninges p. 278 BRAIN dura mater pia mater arachnoid subarachnoid space subdural space VOCABULARY : VOCABULARY arachnoid membrane autonomic nervous system axon one of the membranes that surrounds the brain and spinal cord nerves that control involuntary functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs microscopic fiber that carries a nervous impulse along a nerve cell 22 VOCABULARY : blood-brain barrier brainstem cauda equina cell body capillaries (tiny blood vessels) that let some substances enter brain tissue and keep other substance out lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus 23 VOCABULARY VOCABULARY : VOCABULARY central nervous system (CNS) cerebellum cerebral cortex cerebrospinal fluid brain and spinal cord part of the brain that controls muscle movements and balance outer region of the cerebrum fluid that circulates through the brain and spinal cord 24 VOCABULARY : VOCABULARY cerebrum cortex cortical dendrite dura mater ganglion glial cells largest part of the brain the outer area of an organ pertaining to the cortex part of a nerve cell that receives the nervous impulse thick, outermost layer of meninges a collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system nervous system cells that support and connect tissues 25 VOCABULARY : VOCABULARY gyri hypothalamus medulla oblongata meninges motor nerves convolutions of the surface of the brain portion of the brain controlling sleep, appetite, temperature, pituitary secretions part of the brain above spinal cord, controlling breathing, heartbeat, size of blood vessels three membranes surrounding the spinal cord nerves carrying messages away from the CNS to muscles and organs; efferent nerves 26 VOCABULARY : VOCABULARY myelin sheath nerve neuron neurotransmitter parasympathetic nerves fatty tissue that surrounds, protects, and insulates axons of nerve cells. structure consisting of bundles of axons and dendrites nerve cell chemical released by a nerve cell that stimulates another nerve cell. involuntary autonomic nerves that help regulate functions like heart and respiratory rates 27 VOCABULARY : VOCABULARY receptor sensory nerves stimulus stroma Organ that receives a nervous stimulation and passes it on to nerves. Ex. skin, eyes, ears, taste buds. Carry messages from a receptor to the brain and spinal cord; afferent nerves. Change (light, sound, touch) in the environment that causes a response. Connective and supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells are the stroma of the brain. 28 VOCABULARY : VOCABULARY sulcus sulci sympathetic nerves synapse depression or groove in the surface of the brain; fissure. plural of sulcus. autonomic nerves that influence body functions involuntarily in times of stress. the space through which a nervous impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another cell. 29 VOCABULARY : VOCABULARY thalamus ventricles of brain main relay center of brain, that conducts messages from one part of the brain to another. reservoirs (canals) inside the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. 30 COMBINING FORMS : COMBINING FORMS cerebell/o cerebellar cerebr/o cerebrospinal fluid cerebral cerebellum pertaining to the cerebellum cerebrum the liquid that circulates throgh the central nervous system pertaining to the cerebrum 31 COMBINING FORMS : COMBINING FORMS dur/o subdural hematoma subdural hematoma epidural dura mater under the dura mater an abnormal mass of blood an abnormal mass of blood under the dura mater upon or outside the dura mater 32 COMBINING FORMS : COMBINING FORMS gli/o glial cells -blast glioblastoma (glue) parts of the nervous system that support and connect connective tissue of the nervous system immature a highly malignant tumor of the CNS 33 COMBINING FORMS : COMBINING FORMS mening/o, meningi/o meningeal meningioma meningomylocele membranes, meninges relating to the meninges slowly growing tumor of the meninges a congenital hernia of the membrane of the spinal cord 34 COMBINING FORMS : COMBINING FORMS my/o myoneural myel/o myelogram polio- poliomyelitis muscle relating to muscles and nerves spinal cord, bone marrow radiologic examination of the spinal cord gray matter of the nervous system viral infection of the spinal cord 35 COMBINING FORMS : COMBINING FORMS neur/o neuropathy polyneuritis pont/o cerebellopontine nerve an abnormal, usually degenerative, condition of the nervous system inflammation of of several peripheral nerves at the same time pons relating to the junction of the pons and cerebellum 36 COMBINING FORMS : COMBINING FORMS radicul/o radiculitis thalam/o thalamic thec/o intrathecal injection vag/o vagal nerve root (of spinal nerves) inflammation of a nerve root thalamus relating to the thalamus sheath or cover (refers to the meninges) injection into the space under the arachnoid membrane vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) related to the vagus nerve 37 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS alges/o analgesia hypalgesia cephalgia migraine sensitivity to pain loss of sensitivity to pain while conscious diminished sensitivity to pain headache severe headache, often with nausea and vomiting 38 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS caus/o causalgia comat/o coma comatose burning intense burning pain, following injury to a sensory nerve deep sleep (coma) unconsciousness from which a patient cannot be awakened resembling, or affected with, coma 39 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS esthesi/o, -esthia anesthesia hyperesthesia paresthesia feeling, nervous sensation lack of normal sensation (feeling) unusual sensitivity a sensation of pricking, tingling, or creeping on the skin, usually associated with irritation or injury of a nerve 40 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS kines/o, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic, bradykinesia hyperkinesis akinesia movement extreme slowness of movements and reflexes (as in catatonic schizophrenia or in weightless spaceflight) abnormally increased and sometimes uncontrollable activity or muscular movements loss or impairment of voluntary activity (as of a muscle) 41 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS seizure -lepsy epilepsy narco- narcolepsy physical results of abnormal electrical activity in the brain seizure chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures sleep sudden, uncontrollable compulsion to sleep 42 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS lex/o dyslexia -paresis hemiparesis word, phrase reading, writing, and learning disorders slight paralysis (weakness) paresis on either the left or the right side of the body 43 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS -phasia aphasia motor aphasia sensory aphasia speech partial or complete loss of the ability to speak the inability to speak or to organize the muscular movements of speech (AKA Broca’s aphasia) the inability to understand speech, resulting from brain damage 44 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS paralysis -plegia hemiplegia paraplegia quadriplegia loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body paralysis paralysis of the right or the left side of the body paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body, caused by injury to, or disease of, the spinal cord paralysis of all four limbs, due to injury at the cervical level of the spinal cord 45 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS -praxia apraxia -sthenia -asthenia neurasthenia syncop/o syncope action inability to move and behave in a purposeful way strength weakness nervous fatigue and exhaustion, often following depression to cut off, cut short fainting; sudden, temporary loss of consciousness 46 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS tax/o ataxia coordination inability to coordinate voluntary muscular movements 47 CONGENITAL DISORDERS : CONGENITAL DISORDERS congenital hydrocephalus present at birth abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain. 48 DEGENERATIVE, MOVEMENT, AND SPINAL DISORDERS : DEGENERATIVE, MOVEMENT, AND SPINAL DISORDERS Alzheimer disease (AD) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) AKA Lou Gehrig disease seizure epilepsy gradual deterioration of mental capacity beginning in middle age degenerative disease of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem abnormal, sudden excessive discharge of electrical activity in the brain chronic brain disorder characterized by seizures 49 DEGENERATIVE, MOVEMENT, AND SPINAL DISORDERS : DEGENERATIVE, MOVEMENT, AND SPINAL DISORDERS Huntington disease multiple sclerosis myasthenia gravis (MG) hereditary nervous disorder caused by degenerative changes in the cerebrum, characterized by involuntary dance-like movements. replacement of the myelin sheath on neurons in the cns and its replacement by sclerotic tissue neuromuscular disoder characterized by weakness (-asthenia) of voluntary muscles 50 DEGENERATIVE, MOVEMENT, AND SPINAL DISORDERS : DEGENERATIVE, MOVEMENT, AND SPINAL DISORDERS demyelination multiple sclerosis (MS) myasthenia gravis loss of myelin insulation on neurons destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS, replacing it with plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue. neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness (-asthenia) of voluntary muscles 51 DEGENERATIVE, MOVEMENT, AND SPINAL DISORDERS : DEGENERATIVE, MOVEMENT, AND SPINAL DISORDERS palsy cerebral palsy Parkinson Disease paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function) partial paralysis caused by loss of oxygen to the brain during pregnancy or early infancy degeneration of nerves in later life, causing tremors and muscle weakness 52 INFECTIOUS DISORDERS : INFECTIOUS DISORDERS herpes zoster (shingles) meningitis human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy viral infection affecting peripheral nerves inflammation of the meninges brain disease and dementia occuring with AIDS 53 NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS : NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS neoplasm -oma glioma meningioma a new growth of tissue serving no physiological function tumor tumor of a glial cell tumor of the meninges 54 TRAUMATIC DISORDERS : TRAUMATIC DISORDERS trauma cerebral concussion cerebral contusion an injury temporary brain dysfunction after injury, usually clearing within 24 hours bruising of brain tissue after injury, persisting longer than 24 hours 55 VASCULAR DISORDER: CVA : VASCULAR DISORDER: CVA cerebrovascular accident AKA cerebral infarction AKA stroke disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain. may result from advancing age, atherosclerosis, or hypertension risk factors: hypertension, diabetes, smoking, heart disease, obesity, substance abuse, cholesterol levels 56 MORE VOCABULARY : MORE VOCABULARY aneurysm aura dementia embolus gait weakening of a blood vessel; can lead to hemorrhage and CVA. before an epileptic seizure, a patient sees, smells, hears, or feels something unusual. mental decline and deterioration a mass (clot) of material travels through the bloodstream and blocks a vessel. manner of walking. 57 MORE VOCABULARY : MORE VOCABULARY ictal event occlusion palliative TIA gait referring to a sudden, acute onset, such as an epileptic seizure blockage relieving symptoms but not curing transient ischemic attack; mini-stroke manner of walking. 58 TESTS & PROCEDURES : TESTS & PROCEDURES cerebral angiography computed tomography (CT) of the brain myelography magnetic resonance imaging: MRI of the brain X-ray images of the blood vessel system in the brain after injecting contrast material x-rays compose a computerized cross-sectional image of the brani and spinal cord X-ray images of the spinal cord after injection of contrast material into the subarachnoid space magnetic and radio waves create a visual model of the brain in all three planes 59 TESTS & PROCEDURES : TESTS & PROCEDURES positron emission tomography (PET) electroencephalography (EEG) lumbar puncture (LP) images produced after injection of radioactive glucose or oxygen recording of electrical activity in the brain CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae 60 MORE ABBREVIATIONS : MORE ABBREVIATIONS ICP electroencephalography (EEG) lumbar puncture (LP) sz intercranial pressure recording of electrical activity in the brain CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae seizure 61 You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
The Language of Medicine Chabner Ch10 An AnneOsman Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 557 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: March 29, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: alisha222 (17 month(s) ago) In fact, vagus nerve is two nerves and both of them, runs from the brain stem and then the branches out separately, as they go down the body, across through the abdomen and also to main organs such as to the heart and to the stomach. The vagus nerve disorders are often also called as tenth cranial nerve disorders. Any disorders they can cause variety of unusual effects upon body of the human. http://www.disorderscentral.com/vagus-nerve-disorders.html Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: tanzeelm (19 month(s) ago) Could you please allow this material to be downloaded. Thanks Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: julianaliu919 (21 month(s) ago) Hi, I like it very much. I am new student in MA, can i downland these PPTS? Thank you so much, have a very good day! Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript The Nervous System p. 333 : 1 The Nervous System p. 333 The central processing unit Nervous System Overview : Nervous System Overview 2 A nerve is a bundle of microscopic nerve cells. Nerves carry electrical messages all over the body. Stimuli activate nerve cell membranes to release stored electrical energy. (singular: stimulus) 3. This energy, called a nervous impulse, travels the length of the nerve cell. 4. Receptors receive the impulses and transmit them to the spinal cord and brain (the central nervous system.) 5. The central nervous system (CNS) recognizes, interprets, and sends this information to other nerve cells in other parts of the body, such as muscles, glands, and internal organs. How Nerves Work, pt 1 : How Nerves Work, pt 1 A nerve is a bundle of nerve cells. External stimuli and internal chemicals activate cell membranes of nerve cells to release stored electrical energy. This energy, when passed along the length of the nerve cell, is called the nervous impulse. 3 How Nerves Work, pt 2 : How Nerves Work, pt 2 External receptors (sense organs) and internal receptors in muscles and blood vessels receive nervous impulses and transmit them to the brain and spinal cord, where they are interpreted and relayed to other nerve cells (neurons) that extend out to all parts of the body. 4 Parts of the Nervous System p. 334-337 : 5 Parts of the Nervous System p. 334-337 Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): 12 pairs of cranial nerves carry impulses between brain and head and neck Exception: 10th cranial nerve (vagus nerve) connects to the head, neck, chest, and abdomen 31 pairs of spinal nerves carry impulses between the spinal cord and the chest, abdomen, and extremities (arms and legs) autonomic nerves function involuntarily (without conscious control) Divisions of the CNS and PNS : 6 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BRAIN SPINAL CORD AUTONOMIC NERVES SYMPATHETIC NERVES PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES SPINAL NERVES CRANIAL NERVES Divisions of the CNS and PNS Spinal & Cranial Nerves : Spinal & Cranial Nerves Spinal and cranial nerves help the body respond to the outside world. They include: Sense receptors for sight, hearing, balance (ear), smell Sensory nerves carry messages to the brain regarding changes in the environment. Motor nerves carry commands from the brain to muscles, telling them how to respond. 7 Slide 8: 8 I smell II vision III eye movement, pupil size IV eye movement V face, scalp, mouth, nose sensation, chewing VI eye movement VII face and scalp movement, tongue and taste sensation, ear pain and temperature VIII hearing, balance IX ear, tongue, and throat sensation, throat movement X throat, larynx, chest, abdominal sensation; larynx , chest, and throat movement XI neck muscle movement XII tongue movement Spinal cord, spinal nerves, and spinal plexuses. : Spinal cord, spinal nerves, and spinal plexuses. 9 A plexus is a large network of nerves in the peripheral nervous system. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM : AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM functions automatically, without conscious control carries impulses away from the CNS to the glands heart blood vessels involuntary muscles in intestines and hollow organs (such as stomach and urinary bladder) 10 Types & functions of autonomic nerves : Types & functions of autonomic nerves sympathetic stimulate the heart in times of stress. increase heart rate and forcefulness increase b/p (blood pressure) dilate airways to admit more oxygen stimulate adrenal glands slow digestion parasymapathetic slow heart rate contract pupils of eyes lower b/p (blood pressure) increase quantities of secretions, like saliva stimulate peristalsis 11 Neurons: nervous system cells p. 338 : 12 Neurons: nervous system cells p. 338 all neurons have: one axon one cell body one or more dendrite Neuron Vocabulary : Neuron Vocabulary neuron dendrite ganglion ganglia axon stimulus myelin sheath synapse neurotransmitter parenchymal tissue nerve cell branching fibers of a neuron small collection of nerve cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord plural of ganglion part of the neuron which carries the impulse away from the cell body something that directly influences the activity of a part of the body fatty tissue which covers an axon the space between two neurons the chemical which transfers the nervous impulse from one neuron to the next neurons and nerves, which conduct impulses through the body 13 Other types of nervous system cells : Other types of nervous system cells supporting tissue stromal tissue of the nervous system star-shaped glia that transport water and salts between capillaries and neurons small cells that protect neurons in response to inflammation cells that form the myelin sheath that protects axons cells that line nervous system membranes and help form cerebrospinal fluid 14 stromal tissue glia astrocytes microglia oligodendrogllia ependymal cells Glial cells control the passage of harmful substances from the blood into the nerve cells of the brain. This is called the blood-brain barrier. Parts of the Brain p. 280 : 15 Parts of the Brain p. 280 cerebrum cerebellum brainstem: pons medulla oblongata The Brain p. 340 : 16 The Brain p. 340 cerebrum cerebellum medulla oblongata pons Functions of parts of the brain : Functions of parts of the brain cerebrum thalamus hypothalamus cerebellum pons medulla oblongata thinking, personality, sensations, movements, memory relay station for sensory impulses body temperature, sleep, appetite, emotions, pituitary gland coordination of voluntary movements and balance connection of nerves (to eyes and face) regulation of heart, blood vessels, respiratory system 17 Features of the brain : Features of the brain ventricles cerebrospinal fluid cerebral hemisphere cerebral cortex gyri spaces or canals watery fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord the right or the left side of the brain sheets of nerve cells on the surface of the cerebrum folds on the surface of the cerebral cortex 18 The meninges: three membranes p. 344 : 19 The meninges: three membranes p. 344 envelop the entire CNS (central nervous system) dura mater arachnoid pia mater the outer, hardest, toughest the middle, web-like the inner, thinnest Spaces between the meninges p. 278 : 20 Spaces between the meninges p. 278 Spaces between the meninges p. 278 : 21 Spaces between the meninges p. 278 BRAIN dura mater pia mater arachnoid subarachnoid space subdural space VOCABULARY : VOCABULARY arachnoid membrane autonomic nervous system axon one of the membranes that surrounds the brain and spinal cord nerves that control involuntary functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs microscopic fiber that carries a nervous impulse along a nerve cell 22 VOCABULARY : blood-brain barrier brainstem cauda equina cell body capillaries (tiny blood vessels) that let some substances enter brain tissue and keep other substance out lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus 23 VOCABULARY VOCABULARY : VOCABULARY central nervous system (CNS) cerebellum cerebral cortex cerebrospinal fluid brain and spinal cord part of the brain that controls muscle movements and balance outer region of the cerebrum fluid that circulates through the brain and spinal cord 24 VOCABULARY : VOCABULARY cerebrum cortex cortical dendrite dura mater ganglion glial cells largest part of the brain the outer area of an organ pertaining to the cortex part of a nerve cell that receives the nervous impulse thick, outermost layer of meninges a collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system nervous system cells that support and connect tissues 25 VOCABULARY : VOCABULARY gyri hypothalamus medulla oblongata meninges motor nerves convolutions of the surface of the brain portion of the brain controlling sleep, appetite, temperature, pituitary secretions part of the brain above spinal cord, controlling breathing, heartbeat, size of blood vessels three membranes surrounding the spinal cord nerves carrying messages away from the CNS to muscles and organs; efferent nerves 26 VOCABULARY : VOCABULARY myelin sheath nerve neuron neurotransmitter parasympathetic nerves fatty tissue that surrounds, protects, and insulates axons of nerve cells. structure consisting of bundles of axons and dendrites nerve cell chemical released by a nerve cell that stimulates another nerve cell. involuntary autonomic nerves that help regulate functions like heart and respiratory rates 27 VOCABULARY : VOCABULARY receptor sensory nerves stimulus stroma Organ that receives a nervous stimulation and passes it on to nerves. Ex. skin, eyes, ears, taste buds. Carry messages from a receptor to the brain and spinal cord; afferent nerves. Change (light, sound, touch) in the environment that causes a response. Connective and supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells are the stroma of the brain. 28 VOCABULARY : VOCABULARY sulcus sulci sympathetic nerves synapse depression or groove in the surface of the brain; fissure. plural of sulcus. autonomic nerves that influence body functions involuntarily in times of stress. the space through which a nervous impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another cell. 29 VOCABULARY : VOCABULARY thalamus ventricles of brain main relay center of brain, that conducts messages from one part of the brain to another. reservoirs (canals) inside the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. 30 COMBINING FORMS : COMBINING FORMS cerebell/o cerebellar cerebr/o cerebrospinal fluid cerebral cerebellum pertaining to the cerebellum cerebrum the liquid that circulates throgh the central nervous system pertaining to the cerebrum 31 COMBINING FORMS : COMBINING FORMS dur/o subdural hematoma subdural hematoma epidural dura mater under the dura mater an abnormal mass of blood an abnormal mass of blood under the dura mater upon or outside the dura mater 32 COMBINING FORMS : COMBINING FORMS gli/o glial cells -blast glioblastoma (glue) parts of the nervous system that support and connect connective tissue of the nervous system immature a highly malignant tumor of the CNS 33 COMBINING FORMS : COMBINING FORMS mening/o, meningi/o meningeal meningioma meningomylocele membranes, meninges relating to the meninges slowly growing tumor of the meninges a congenital hernia of the membrane of the spinal cord 34 COMBINING FORMS : COMBINING FORMS my/o myoneural myel/o myelogram polio- poliomyelitis muscle relating to muscles and nerves spinal cord, bone marrow radiologic examination of the spinal cord gray matter of the nervous system viral infection of the spinal cord 35 COMBINING FORMS : COMBINING FORMS neur/o neuropathy polyneuritis pont/o cerebellopontine nerve an abnormal, usually degenerative, condition of the nervous system inflammation of of several peripheral nerves at the same time pons relating to the junction of the pons and cerebellum 36 COMBINING FORMS : COMBINING FORMS radicul/o radiculitis thalam/o thalamic thec/o intrathecal injection vag/o vagal nerve root (of spinal nerves) inflammation of a nerve root thalamus relating to the thalamus sheath or cover (refers to the meninges) injection into the space under the arachnoid membrane vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) related to the vagus nerve 37 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS alges/o analgesia hypalgesia cephalgia migraine sensitivity to pain loss of sensitivity to pain while conscious diminished sensitivity to pain headache severe headache, often with nausea and vomiting 38 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS caus/o causalgia comat/o coma comatose burning intense burning pain, following injury to a sensory nerve deep sleep (coma) unconsciousness from which a patient cannot be awakened resembling, or affected with, coma 39 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS esthesi/o, -esthia anesthesia hyperesthesia paresthesia feeling, nervous sensation lack of normal sensation (feeling) unusual sensitivity a sensation of pricking, tingling, or creeping on the skin, usually associated with irritation or injury of a nerve 40 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS kines/o, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic, bradykinesia hyperkinesis akinesia movement extreme slowness of movements and reflexes (as in catatonic schizophrenia or in weightless spaceflight) abnormally increased and sometimes uncontrollable activity or muscular movements loss or impairment of voluntary activity (as of a muscle) 41 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS seizure -lepsy epilepsy narco- narcolepsy physical results of abnormal electrical activity in the brain seizure chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures sleep sudden, uncontrollable compulsion to sleep 42 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS lex/o dyslexia -paresis hemiparesis word, phrase reading, writing, and learning disorders slight paralysis (weakness) paresis on either the left or the right side of the body 43 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS -phasia aphasia motor aphasia sensory aphasia speech partial or complete loss of the ability to speak the inability to speak or to organize the muscular movements of speech (AKA Broca’s aphasia) the inability to understand speech, resulting from brain damage 44 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS paralysis -plegia hemiplegia paraplegia quadriplegia loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body paralysis paralysis of the right or the left side of the body paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body, caused by injury to, or disease of, the spinal cord paralysis of all four limbs, due to injury at the cervical level of the spinal cord 45 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS -praxia apraxia -sthenia -asthenia neurasthenia syncop/o syncope action inability to move and behave in a purposeful way strength weakness nervous fatigue and exhaustion, often following depression to cut off, cut short fainting; sudden, temporary loss of consciousness 46 SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS tax/o ataxia coordination inability to coordinate voluntary muscular movements 47 CONGENITAL DISORDERS : CONGENITAL DISORDERS congenital hydrocephalus present at birth abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain. 48 DEGENERATIVE, MOVEMENT, AND SPINAL DISORDERS : DEGENERATIVE, MOVEMENT, AND SPINAL DISORDERS Alzheimer disease (AD) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) AKA Lou Gehrig disease seizure epilepsy gradual deterioration of mental capacity beginning in middle age degenerative disease of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem abnormal, sudden excessive discharge of electrical activity in the brain chronic brain disorder characterized by seizures 49 DEGENERATIVE, MOVEMENT, AND SPINAL DISORDERS : DEGENERATIVE, MOVEMENT, AND SPINAL DISORDERS Huntington disease multiple sclerosis myasthenia gravis (MG) hereditary nervous disorder caused by degenerative changes in the cerebrum, characterized by involuntary dance-like movements. replacement of the myelin sheath on neurons in the cns and its replacement by sclerotic tissue neuromuscular disoder characterized by weakness (-asthenia) of voluntary muscles 50 DEGENERATIVE, MOVEMENT, AND SPINAL DISORDERS : DEGENERATIVE, MOVEMENT, AND SPINAL DISORDERS demyelination multiple sclerosis (MS) myasthenia gravis loss of myelin insulation on neurons destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS, replacing it with plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue. neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness (-asthenia) of voluntary muscles 51 DEGENERATIVE, MOVEMENT, AND SPINAL DISORDERS : DEGENERATIVE, MOVEMENT, AND SPINAL DISORDERS palsy cerebral palsy Parkinson Disease paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function) partial paralysis caused by loss of oxygen to the brain during pregnancy or early infancy degeneration of nerves in later life, causing tremors and muscle weakness 52 INFECTIOUS DISORDERS : INFECTIOUS DISORDERS herpes zoster (shingles) meningitis human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy viral infection affecting peripheral nerves inflammation of the meninges brain disease and dementia occuring with AIDS 53 NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS : NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS neoplasm -oma glioma meningioma a new growth of tissue serving no physiological function tumor tumor of a glial cell tumor of the meninges 54 TRAUMATIC DISORDERS : TRAUMATIC DISORDERS trauma cerebral concussion cerebral contusion an injury temporary brain dysfunction after injury, usually clearing within 24 hours bruising of brain tissue after injury, persisting longer than 24 hours 55 VASCULAR DISORDER: CVA : VASCULAR DISORDER: CVA cerebrovascular accident AKA cerebral infarction AKA stroke disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain. may result from advancing age, atherosclerosis, or hypertension risk factors: hypertension, diabetes, smoking, heart disease, obesity, substance abuse, cholesterol levels 56 MORE VOCABULARY : MORE VOCABULARY aneurysm aura dementia embolus gait weakening of a blood vessel; can lead to hemorrhage and CVA. before an epileptic seizure, a patient sees, smells, hears, or feels something unusual. mental decline and deterioration a mass (clot) of material travels through the bloodstream and blocks a vessel. manner of walking. 57 MORE VOCABULARY : MORE VOCABULARY ictal event occlusion palliative TIA gait referring to a sudden, acute onset, such as an epileptic seizure blockage relieving symptoms but not curing transient ischemic attack; mini-stroke manner of walking. 58 TESTS & PROCEDURES : TESTS & PROCEDURES cerebral angiography computed tomography (CT) of the brain myelography magnetic resonance imaging: MRI of the brain X-ray images of the blood vessel system in the brain after injecting contrast material x-rays compose a computerized cross-sectional image of the brani and spinal cord X-ray images of the spinal cord after injection of contrast material into the subarachnoid space magnetic and radio waves create a visual model of the brain in all three planes 59 TESTS & PROCEDURES : TESTS & PROCEDURES positron emission tomography (PET) electroencephalography (EEG) lumbar puncture (LP) images produced after injection of radioactive glucose or oxygen recording of electrical activity in the brain CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae 60 MORE ABBREVIATIONS : MORE ABBREVIATIONS ICP electroencephalography (EEG) lumbar puncture (LP) sz intercranial pressure recording of electrical activity in the brain CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae seizure 61