Chapter 18 America Claims an EmpireGlobal competition prompts the United States to expand its influence andterritory, engage in conflicts around the globe, and build the Panama Canal.: Chapter 18 America Claims an Empire Global competition prompts the United States to expand its influence and territory, engage in conflicts around the globe, and build the Panama Canal.


Section 1: Imperialism and AmericaBeginning in 1867 and continuing through the century, global competition causesthe United States to expand.: Section 1: Imperialism and America Beginning in 1867 and continuing through the century, global competition causes the United States to expand.


American Expansionism: American Expansionism Global Competition Imperialism—policy of extending control over weaker nations In 1800s, Europeans divide up most of Africa, compete for China Japan joins race for China; U.S. decides to expand overseas


Slide4: Desire for Military Strength Admiral Alfred T. Mahan urges U.S. to build up navy to compete U.S. builds modern battleships, becomes third largest naval power


Slide5: Thirst for New Markets U.S. farms, factories produce more than Americans can consume U.S. needs raw materials, new markets for goods Foreign trade: solution to overproduction, unemployment, depression


Slide6: Belief in Cultural Superiority Some combine Social Darwinism, belief in superiority of Anglo-Saxons Argue U.S. has duty to Christianize, civilize “inferior peoples”


The United States Acquires Alaska: The United States Acquires Alaska Early Expansion William Seward—Secretary of State under Lincoln, Johnson 1867, arranges purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million - has trouble convincing House to fund purchase - Alaska called “Seward’s Icebox,” “Seward’s Folly” Alaska rich in timber, minerals, oil


The United States Takes Hawaii: The United States Takes Hawaii The Cry for Annexation Since 1790s, U.S. merchants stop in Hawaii on way to China, India 1820s, Yankee missionaries found schools, churches on islands Mid-1800s, American-owned sugar plantations 75% of islands’ wealth


Slide9: 1887, U.S. pressures Hawaii to allow naval base at Pearl Harbor becomes refueling station 1890 McKinley Tariff eliminates duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar Planters call for U.S. to annex islands so will not have to pay duty


The End of a Monarchy: The End of a Monarchy 1887, businessmen force King Kalakaua to limit vote to landowners Queen Liliuokalani tries to remove landowning requirement With help of marines, business groups overthrow queen


Slide11: Set up government headed by Sanford B. Dole President Cleveland cannot make Dole surrender power to queen recognizes Republic of Hawaii Under President McKinley, Congress proclaims Hawaii U.S. territory


Section 2: The Spanish-American WarIn 1898, the United States goes to war to help Cuba win its independence fromSpain.: Section 2: The Spanish-American War In 1898, the United States goes to war to help Cuba win its independence from Spain.


Cubans Rebel Against Spain: Cubans Rebel Against Spain American Interest in Cuba U.S. long interested in Cuba; wants to buy Cuba from Spain During 1868–1878 war for independence, American sympathies with Cuba 1886 abolition of slavery leads to U.S. investment in sugar cane


Slide14: The Second War for Independence José Martí—poet, journalist—launches second revolution in 1895 Guerrilla campaign destroys American-owned sugar mills, plantations U. S. public opinion split: business wants to support Spain others favor Cuban cause


War Fever Escalates: War Fever Escalates Spain Takes Action 1896, General Valeriano Weyler sent to Cuba to restore order Puts about 300,000 Cubans in concentration camps Headline Wars Newspapers exploit Weyler’s actions in circulation war Yellow journalism—sensational writing used to lure, enrage readers


Slide16: The de Lôme Letter Headlines increase American sympathy for independent Cuba McKinley wants to avoid war, tries diplomacy to resolve crisis Private letter by Spanish minister Enrique Dupuy de Lôme published - calls McKinley weak, swayed by public Spain apologizes, de Lôme resigns; American public angry


Slide17: The U.S.S. Maine Explodes U.S.S. Maine sent to pick up U.S. citizens, protect U.S. property Ship blows up in Havana harbor; newspapers blame Spain


War with Spain Erupts: War with Spain Erupts The U.S. Declares War Spain agrees to most U.S. demands, public opinion still favors war U.S. declares war April 1898


Slide19: The War in the Philippines First battle with Spain occurs in Spanish colony of the Philippines Commodore George Dewey destroys Spanish fleet in Manila harbor Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, support Dewey August 1898, Spanish troops in Manila surrender to U.S.


Slide20: The War in the Caribbean U.S. blockades Cuba; Spanish fleet in Santiago de Cuba harbor Unlike navy, U.S. army has small professional force, many volunteers volunteers ill-prepared, ill-supplied


Slide21: Rough Riders Rough Riders—Leonard Wood, Theodore Roosevelt lead volunteer cavalry Roosevelt declared hero of attack on strategic San Juan Hill Spanish fleet tries to escape blockade, is destroyed in naval battle U.S. troops invade Puerto Rico soon after


Slide22: Treaty of Paris Spain, U.S. sign armistice August 1898; meet in Paris to make treaty Spain frees Cuba; hands Guam, Puerto Rico to U.S.; sells Philippines


Slide23: Debate over the Treaty Treaty of Paris touches off great debate over imperialism McKinley tries to justify annexation of Philippines on moral grounds Opponents give political, moral, economic arguments against


Section 3: Acquiring New LandsIn the early 1900s, the United States engages in conflicts in Puerto Rico, Cuba,and the Philippines: Section 3: Acquiring New Lands In the early 1900s, the United States engages in conflicts in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines


Ruling Puerto Rico: Ruling Puerto Rico Military Rule During Spanish-American War, General Nelson A. Miles occupies island Puerto Rico under military control People split on independence, statehood, self-government under U.S.


Slide26: Return to Civil Government PR strategic as post in Caribbean, for protection of future canal 1900, Foraker Act sets up civil government -president appoints governor, upper house 1917, Puerto Ricans made U.S. citizens; elect both houses


Cuba and the United States: Cuba and the United States American Soldiers U.S. recognizes Cuban independence from Spain Teller Amendment says U.S. has no intention of taking over Cuba After war U.S. occupies Cuba; has same officials in office as Spain -Cuban protestors imprisoned or exiled American military government helps rebuild the country


Slide28: Protecting American Business Interests U.S. wants strong political presence to protect American businesses Some object to colonial entanglements, do not think colonies needed U.S. state department continues to push for control of Latin America


Filipinos Rebel: Filipinos Rebel Philippine-American War Filipinos outraged at Treaty of Paris call for annexation 1899, Emilio Aguinaldo leads fight for independence against U.S. U.S. forces Filipinos to live in designated zones in poor conditions - white U.S. soldiers see Filipinos as inferior - black troops troubled at spreading prejudice 20,000 Filipinos die in fight for independence


Slide30: Aftermath of the War U.S. president appoints governor who appoints upper house - people elect lower house July 4, 1946, Philippines become independent


Foreign Influence in China: Foreign Influence in China U.S. Interest in China U.S. sees China as vast potential market, investment opportunity France, Britain, Japan, Russia have settlements, spheres of influence


Slide32: John Hay’s Open Door Notes U.S. Secretary of State John Hay issues Open Door notes Notes ask imperialist nations to share trading rights with U.S. Other powers reluctantly agree


Slide33: Platt Amendment U.S. makes Cuba add Platt Amendment to its 1901 constitution Platt Amendment does not allow Cuba to go into debt; also stipulates - no treaties that let foreign power control land - U.S. has right to intervene - U.S. can buy, lease land for navy Protectorate—country whose affairs partly controlled by stronger one


Slide34: The Boxer Rebellion in China Europeans dominate most large Chinese cities Chinese form secret societies, including Boxers, to expel foreigners Boxers kill hundreds of foreigners, Chinese converts to Christianity U.S., Britain, France, Germany, Japan put down Boxer Rebellion


Slide35: Protecting American Rights Hay issues new Open Door notes saying U. S. will keep trade open Open Door policy reflects beliefs about U.S. economy: - growth depends on exports - U.S. has right to keep markets open - closing of area threatens U.S. survival


The Impact of U.S. Territorial Gains: The Impact of U.S. Territorial Gains The Anti-Imperialist League McKinley’s reelection confirms most Americans favor imperialism Anti-Imperialist League has prominent people from different fields For various reasons, agree wrong to rule others without their consent


Section 4: America as a World PowerThe Russo-Japanese War, the Panama Canal, and the Mexican Revolution addto America’s military and economic power.: Section 4: America as a World Power The Russo-Japanese War, the Panama Canal, and the Mexican Revolution add to America’s military and economic power.


Teddy Roosevelt and the World: Teddy Roosevelt and the World Roosevelt the Peacemaker Roosevelt does not want Europeans to control world economy, politics 1904, Japan, Russia dispute control of Korea Roosevelt negotiates Treaty of Portsmouth: - Japan gets Manchuria, Korea - Roosevelt wins Nobel Peace Prize U.S., Japan continue diplomatic talks - pledge to respect each other’s possessions


Slide39: Panama Canal U.S. wants canal to cut travel time of commercial, military ships U.S. buys French company’s route through Panama Negotiates with Colombia to build Panama Canal; talks break down French company agent helps organize Panamanian rebellion U.S. gives military aid U.S., Panama sign treaty; U.S. pays $10 million for Canal Zone


Slide40: Constructing the Canal Construction of canal is one of world’s greatest engineering feats - fight diseases, geographic obstacles - at height, 43,400 workers employed The Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt fears European intervention if Latin America defaults Reminds Europeans of Monroe Doctrine, demands they stay out Roosevelt Corollary—U. S. to use force to protect economic interests


Slide41: Dollar Diplomacy Early 1900s, U.S. exercises police power on several occasions Dollar diplomacy—U.S. guarantees foreign loans by U.S. business


Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy: Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy The Mexican Revolution Missionary diplomacy—U.S. has moral responsibility: - will not recognize regimes that are oppressive, undemocratic Under dictator Porfirio Díaz, much U.S. investment in Mexico 1911, peasants, workers led by Francisco Madero overthrow Díaz General Victoriano Huerta takes over government; Madero is murdered Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta’s government


Slide43: Intervention in Mexico Huerta’s officers arrest U.S. sailors, quickly release them Wilson orders Marines to occupy Veracruz Argentina, Brazil, Chile mediate to avoid war Huerta regime falls; nationalist Venustiano Carranza new president


Slide44: Rebellion in Mexico Francisco “Pancho” Villa, Emiliano Zapata oppose Carranza Zapata wants land reform Villa a fierce nationalist Wilson recognizes Carranza’s government; Villa threatens reprisals Villa’s men kill Americans


Slide45: Chasing Villa Brig. Gen. John J. Pershing leads force to capture Villa Carranza demands withdrawal of U.S. troops; Wilson at first refuses U.S. faces war in Europe, wants peace on southern border Wilson orders Pershing home Mexico adopts new constitution: government controls oil, minerals restricts foreign investors 1920, Alvaro Obregón new president; ends civil war, starts reforms