logging in or signing up BLOOD AlNiedz Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 820 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (2) Dislike it (0) Added: January 13, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description The Biology Of Human Blood and the many diseases of the blood. Blood types. Mechanisms of clotting. Comments Posting comment... By: lanastephens (20 month(s) ago) Not bad. Very basic and just what I was looking for for my class. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: AlNiedz (27 month(s) ago) So is the science curriculum in my province..which this ppt. attempted to follow. Oh well! It sure was better than a 20 year old biology textbook. Shit!!! but good shit... Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: james1 (27 month(s) ago) this is shit Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript BLOOD : BLOOD Niedzviecki Biology 300 Blood : Blood Liquid tissue Plasma – watery portion Buffy Coat – white blood cells and platelets Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Hematocrit – fraction occupied by RBCs - about 45% - a lower value is a sign of anemia Blood : Blood Functions 1. Transport Oxygen, carbon dioxide Food molecules (glucose, lipids, amino acids) Ions (charged particles) eg. Na+ , Ca2+ Wastes eg. Urea Hormones heat Blood : Blood 2. Defense Defense of the body against infections and other foreign materials. All the WBCs participate in these defenses. Blood : Blood Formation of Blood Cells Are produced in the bone marrow. Some 1011 each day in adults. Arise from multipotent hematopoietic stem cell. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) : Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Most numerous type of blood cell Terminally differentiated. i.e. never divide (reproduce). 120 day lifespan. Ingested by phagocytic cells in the liver and spleen. Iron is recycled. Remainder becomes bile pigments and is excreted by liver. 3 million RBCs die per second. Women – 4.8 million per µL. Men – 5.4 million per µL. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) : Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Responsible for transport of oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide from cells Diagram showing gaseous exchange in the alveolus (left) and oxygen transport by haemoglobin (right) alveolus Erythrocytes (red blood cells) : Erythrocytes (red blood cells) In adult human, haemoglobin (Hb) molecule contains iron in the center. One molecule of oxygen binds to each heme. Hb + oxygen oxyhaemoglobin Erythrocytes (red blood cells) : Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Carbon dioxide Transport CO2 combines with H2O in the blood to form carbonic acid which produces hydrogen ion (H+) and a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) 95% of the CO2 generated in the tissues is carried by the RBCs. Only 5% of the CO2 dissolves directly in the Plasma (by carbonic anhydrase) When RBCs reach the lungs reaction is reversed and CO2 is released to the Alveoli. Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) : Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) Much less numerous than RBCs (1:700). Have nuclei. Protect body from infection. Attack foreign materials (antigens) that enter body. Destroy dead and dying cells of the body. Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) : Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) Five types of cells Neutrophils (green)Lymphocyte (yellow)In this lower power view, notice how few white cells there are in this field of reds. Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) : Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) 1. Neutrophils – most prevalent form. seek out and destroy invading organisms by phagocytosis. 50-70% of the white cell count. An elevated count indicates bacterial infection. Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) : Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) 2. Lymphocytes – second most common type (20-40%). B-lymphocytes bind antigens and produce antibodies. T –lymphocytes recruit other WBCs to infection sites. Elevated count = viral infections and leukemia. Low count = HIV or AIDS. Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) : Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) 3. Monocytes – 3-7 % Function is to phagocytize dead and damaged cells. 4. Eosinophils – 1-3% Function – involved in allergic disorders (asthma) and parasitic infestations (leprosy). 5. Basophils - <1% Function –release histamines in allergic reactions like Hodgkin’s lymphoma etc. Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) : Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) EXCEPTIONS TO PHAGOCYTOSIS By WBCs : EXCEPTIONS TO PHAGOCYTOSIS By WBCs Salmonella enterica – food poisoning Mycobacteria - tuberculosis Commensals – bacteria in nose, throat and colon, kept in check by neutrophils, and do no harm. Platelets (Thrombocytes) : Platelets (Thrombocytes) Cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes. Blood contains 150 000 – 350 000 /µL. A drop below 50 000/µL may result in uncontrolled bleeding. Platelets : Platelets When blood vessels are cut or damaged, the loss of blood from the system must be stopped before SHOCK and possible death occurs. (Hemostasis ) This is accomplished by solidification of the blood, a process called coagulation or CLOTTING. What Occurs At A Wound Site : What Occurs At A Wound Site CLOTTING Action By Platelets : CLOTTING Action By Platelets Blood clot: Blood that has been converted from a liquid to a solid state. Also called a thrombus. Coagulation: The process by which the blood clots to form solid masses, or clots. More than 30 types of cells and substances in blood affect clotting. The process is initiated by blood platelets. Platelets produce a substance that combines with calcium ions in the blood to form thromboplastin, which in turn converts the protein prothrombin into thrombin in a complex series of reactions. Thrombin, a proteolytic enzyme, converts fibrinogen, a protein substance, into fibrin, an insoluble protein that forms an intricate network of minute threadlike structures called fibrils and causes the blood plasma to gel. The blood cells and plasma are enmeshed in the network of fibrils to form the clot. CLOTTING Action By Platelets : CLOTTING Action By Platelets Platelets Thromboplastin Prothrombin + Calcium Thrombin Fibrinogen Trapped Red Blood Cells Clot CLOTTING Action By Platelets : CLOTTING Action By Platelets The ABO Blood System : The ABO Blood System Some Definitions: Antigen : a molecule that stimulates an immune response in the body and the production of antibiotics. Antibody : a protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. The ABO Blood System : The ABO Blood System There are four possible blood groups in the ABO system: AB, A, B, O. These are only two types of blood in the Rhesus system: Rhesus positive and Rhesus negative Now we can multiply the ABO system by the Rhesus Factor to get 8 possible blood groups. AB+, AB-, A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-. The ABO Blood System : The ABO Blood System A and B are antigens found on the surfaces of red blood cells. If you have blood group AB it is because both antigens are present. If you have blood group O it is because neither antigen is present. The ability to form these antigens on the surfaces of red blood cells is inherited. People with Blood Group A only have antigen A on their red blood cells. People with Blood Group B only have antigen B. The ABO Blood System : The ABO Blood System There are three alleles: AA this one produces the antigen A on the surfaces of red blood cells, BB this one produces the antigen B on the surfaces of red blood cells, OO this is a recessive gene; neither antigen is produced. AA and BB are co-dominant. That means that if both alleles are present, both antigens (A and B) will be formed on the surfaces of red blood cells and you will have Blood Group AB. The ABO Blood System : The ABO Blood System OO is recessive; neither antigen is produced; so you will have Blood Group O if you have two of these alleles. Your phenotype is the blood group to which you belong, i.e. AB, A, B or O. Your genotype is your genetic make-up, i.e. which alleles you have inherited. There are 6 possibilities: AABB, AAAA, AAOO, BBBB, BBOO, OOOO The ABO Blood System : The ABO Blood System The first possibility is that you have inherited AA from one parent and BB from the other; you will have Blood Group AB. Or you could have inherited the recessive OO allele from both parents. In this case you will have Blood Group O. In between, if you have inherited either one or two AA alleles you will have Blood Group A and if you have inherited either one or two BB alleles you will have Blood Group B. TRANSFUSIONS : TRANSFUSIONS Blood group AIf you belong to the blood group A, you have A antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and B antibodies in your blood plasma. Blood group BIf you belong to the blood group B, you have B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and A antibodies in your blood plasma. Blood group ABIf you belong to the blood group AB, you have both A and B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and no A or B antibodies at all in your blood plasma. Blood group 0If you belong to the blood group 0 , you have neither A or B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma. Rh factor blood grouping system : Rh factor blood grouping system Many people also have a so called Rh factor on the red blood cell's surface. This is also an antigen and those who have it are called Rh+. Those who haven't are called Rh-. A person with Rh- blood does not have Rh antibodies naturally in the blood plasma (as one can have A or B antibodies, for instance). But a person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ blood, whose Rh antigens can trigger the production of Rh antibodies. A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh- blood without any problems. Rh factor blood grouping system : Rh factor blood grouping system What is happening when the blood clumps or agglutinates? For a blood transfusion to be successful, AB0 and Rh blood groups must be compatible between the donor blood and the patient blood. If they are not, the red blood cells from the donated blood will clump or agglutinate. The agglutinated red cells can clog blood vessels and stop the circulation of the blood to various parts of the body. The agglutinated red blood cells also crack and its contents leak out in the body. The red blood cells contain hemoglobin which becomes toxic when outside the cell. This can have fatal consequences for the patient. The A antigen and the A antibodies can bind to each other in the same way that the B antigens can bind to the B antibodies. This is what would happen if, for instance, a B blood person receives blood from an A blood person. The red blood cells will be linked together, like bunches of grapes, by the antibodies. As mentioned earlier, this clumping could lead to death. Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom? : Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom? Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom? : Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom? Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom? : Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom? PLASMA : PLASMA It's a straw-colored, clear liquid that is 90% water, and it is an essential ingredient for human survival. Proteins 6-8% Salts 0.8% Lipids (fats) 0.6% Glucose (blood sugar) 0.1% PLASMA : PLASMA Function: Transports materials needed by cells. Removes materials produced by the cells. Eg. Various ions, glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, lipids, hormones, urea and other wastes PLASMA : PLASMA Serum Proteins (6-8%) Blood plasma without fibrinogen and other clotting factors Serum Albumin – made in the liver Helps maintain blood osmotic pressure and binds molecules together for transport. Serum Globulins Alpha globulins – transports thyroxin and retinol ( vit. A) Beta globulins – iron transporting protein transferrin. Gamma globulins – most antibiotics. PLASMA : PLASMA Serum Lipids Cholesterol: a soft, waxy substance found in your bloodstream. Although your body needs cholesterol to help build and maintain cells, too much cholesterol can build up on your artery walls. PLASMA : PLASMA LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is known as “bad cholesterol” because it can build up in the walls of your arteries and form a thick, hard plaque that clogs your arteries and blocks the flow of blood to your heart and brain. HDL refers to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, also called “good cholesterol” because it helps eliminate bad cholesterol from the body. PLASMA : PLASMA Having high LDL (bad) cholesterol can put you at risk for heart disease, heart attack, or stroke—especially if you have any of these additional risk factors: Low HDL cholesterol Diabetes Smoking Obesity High blood pressure Lack of physical activity Family history of heart disease High-fat/high-cholesterol diet Men aged 45 or older Women aged 55 or older LIPID PROFILE (Blood Test) : LIPID PROFILE (Blood Test) How is the lipid profile used? The lipid profile measures cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL (“good” cholesterol), and LDL (“bad” cholesterol). Triglycerides are the major form of fat found in the body and their function is to provide energy for the cells. Below are the desirable ranges for the components of the lipid profile: Cholesterol <200 mg/dL (5.18 mmol/L) HDL-cholesterol > 40 mg/dL (1.04 mmol/L) LDL-cholesterol <100 mg/dL* (2.59 mmol/L) Triglycerides <150 mg/dL (1.70 mmol/L) Cardiac Risk Ratio = Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol CRR > 7 is considered a warning. Hemophilia : Hemophilia What Is Hemophilia? Hemophilia is a rare inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot normally. Persons with hemophilia may bleed for a longer time than others after an injury or accident. They also may bleed internally, especially in the joints (knees, ankles, and elbows). Babies born with hemophilia are missing or have a low level of a protein needed for normal blood clotting or blood coagulation The protein is called a clotting factor. Hemophilia : Hemophilia What Causes Hemophilia? Hemophilia is an inherited disorder. It is caused by a defect in the genes that determine how the body makes blood clotting factors VIII and IX. These genes are located on the X chromosomes which determine whether a baby is a boy or girl. Chromosomes come in pairs. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. A woman is a “carrier” if she has a defective gene for factor VIII or factor IX on one of her X chromosomes. She can pass the defective gene on to her children. If she has a son, there is a one in two (50 percent) chance that he will have hemophilia. If she has a daughter, there is a one in two (50 percent) chance that the daughter will be a carrier. Hemophilia : Hemophilia Types of Hemophilia The two main types of hemophilia are: Hemophilia A: Clotting factor VIII (8) is low or missing. About 9 of 10 people with hemophilia have type A. (80%) Hemophilia B: Clotting factor IX (9) is low or missing. (20%) Hemophilia also can be acquired when antibodies to these clotting factors form and block their function. Hemophilia : Hemophilia Hemophilia : Hemophilia How Is Hemophilia Treated? The main treatment for hemophilia is “replacement therapy”—giving or replacing the clotting factor that is too low or missing. Concentrates of the clotting factor are infused, or injected, directly into the bloodstream. The specific factors used to treat hemophilia are: Factor VIII for hemophilia A Factor IX for hemophilia B Hemophilia : Hemophilia EUROPEAN ROYALTY AND HEMOPHILIA History's most famous carrier of the gene for hemophilia was Victoria (1819-1901), Queen of England and grandmother to most of the royalty in Europe. In 1853, Queen Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, Duke of Albany, who had hemophilia and died at the age of 31 from internal bleeding after a fall. Two of Queen Victoria's four daughters, Alice (b. 1843) and Beatrice (b. 1857), also carried the gene for hemophilia and subsequently transmitted the disease to three of Victoria's grandsons and to six of her great-grandsons. Alice's daughter Alexandra also was a carrier of hemophilia, and she transmitted the disease to her son Alexis (b. 1904), whose father was Czar Nicholas 11 (1868—1918) of Russia. Alexis is perhaps the most famous of the European royals with hemophilia. Alexis was the heir to his father's throne and his medical condition caused much anxiety in the royal household. Historians are still discussing the role Alexis's condition played in the Russian revolution of 1918. You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
BLOOD AlNiedz Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 820 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (2) Dislike it (0) Added: January 13, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description The Biology Of Human Blood and the many diseases of the blood. Blood types. Mechanisms of clotting. Comments Posting comment... By: lanastephens (20 month(s) ago) Not bad. Very basic and just what I was looking for for my class. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: AlNiedz (27 month(s) ago) So is the science curriculum in my province..which this ppt. attempted to follow. Oh well! It sure was better than a 20 year old biology textbook. Shit!!! but good shit... Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: james1 (27 month(s) ago) this is shit Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript BLOOD : BLOOD Niedzviecki Biology 300 Blood : Blood Liquid tissue Plasma – watery portion Buffy Coat – white blood cells and platelets Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Hematocrit – fraction occupied by RBCs - about 45% - a lower value is a sign of anemia Blood : Blood Functions 1. Transport Oxygen, carbon dioxide Food molecules (glucose, lipids, amino acids) Ions (charged particles) eg. Na+ , Ca2+ Wastes eg. Urea Hormones heat Blood : Blood 2. Defense Defense of the body against infections and other foreign materials. All the WBCs participate in these defenses. Blood : Blood Formation of Blood Cells Are produced in the bone marrow. Some 1011 each day in adults. Arise from multipotent hematopoietic stem cell. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) : Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Most numerous type of blood cell Terminally differentiated. i.e. never divide (reproduce). 120 day lifespan. Ingested by phagocytic cells in the liver and spleen. Iron is recycled. Remainder becomes bile pigments and is excreted by liver. 3 million RBCs die per second. Women – 4.8 million per µL. Men – 5.4 million per µL. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) : Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Responsible for transport of oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide from cells Diagram showing gaseous exchange in the alveolus (left) and oxygen transport by haemoglobin (right) alveolus Erythrocytes (red blood cells) : Erythrocytes (red blood cells) In adult human, haemoglobin (Hb) molecule contains iron in the center. One molecule of oxygen binds to each heme. Hb + oxygen oxyhaemoglobin Erythrocytes (red blood cells) : Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Carbon dioxide Transport CO2 combines with H2O in the blood to form carbonic acid which produces hydrogen ion (H+) and a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) 95% of the CO2 generated in the tissues is carried by the RBCs. Only 5% of the CO2 dissolves directly in the Plasma (by carbonic anhydrase) When RBCs reach the lungs reaction is reversed and CO2 is released to the Alveoli. Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) : Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) Much less numerous than RBCs (1:700). Have nuclei. Protect body from infection. Attack foreign materials (antigens) that enter body. Destroy dead and dying cells of the body. Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) : Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) Five types of cells Neutrophils (green)Lymphocyte (yellow)In this lower power view, notice how few white cells there are in this field of reds. Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) : Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) 1. Neutrophils – most prevalent form. seek out and destroy invading organisms by phagocytosis. 50-70% of the white cell count. An elevated count indicates bacterial infection. Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) : Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) 2. Lymphocytes – second most common type (20-40%). B-lymphocytes bind antigens and produce antibodies. T –lymphocytes recruit other WBCs to infection sites. Elevated count = viral infections and leukemia. Low count = HIV or AIDS. Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) : Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) 3. Monocytes – 3-7 % Function is to phagocytize dead and damaged cells. 4. Eosinophils – 1-3% Function – involved in allergic disorders (asthma) and parasitic infestations (leprosy). 5. Basophils - <1% Function –release histamines in allergic reactions like Hodgkin’s lymphoma etc. Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) : Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) EXCEPTIONS TO PHAGOCYTOSIS By WBCs : EXCEPTIONS TO PHAGOCYTOSIS By WBCs Salmonella enterica – food poisoning Mycobacteria - tuberculosis Commensals – bacteria in nose, throat and colon, kept in check by neutrophils, and do no harm. Platelets (Thrombocytes) : Platelets (Thrombocytes) Cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes. Blood contains 150 000 – 350 000 /µL. A drop below 50 000/µL may result in uncontrolled bleeding. Platelets : Platelets When blood vessels are cut or damaged, the loss of blood from the system must be stopped before SHOCK and possible death occurs. (Hemostasis ) This is accomplished by solidification of the blood, a process called coagulation or CLOTTING. What Occurs At A Wound Site : What Occurs At A Wound Site CLOTTING Action By Platelets : CLOTTING Action By Platelets Blood clot: Blood that has been converted from a liquid to a solid state. Also called a thrombus. Coagulation: The process by which the blood clots to form solid masses, or clots. More than 30 types of cells and substances in blood affect clotting. The process is initiated by blood platelets. Platelets produce a substance that combines with calcium ions in the blood to form thromboplastin, which in turn converts the protein prothrombin into thrombin in a complex series of reactions. Thrombin, a proteolytic enzyme, converts fibrinogen, a protein substance, into fibrin, an insoluble protein that forms an intricate network of minute threadlike structures called fibrils and causes the blood plasma to gel. The blood cells and plasma are enmeshed in the network of fibrils to form the clot. CLOTTING Action By Platelets : CLOTTING Action By Platelets Platelets Thromboplastin Prothrombin + Calcium Thrombin Fibrinogen Trapped Red Blood Cells Clot CLOTTING Action By Platelets : CLOTTING Action By Platelets The ABO Blood System : The ABO Blood System Some Definitions: Antigen : a molecule that stimulates an immune response in the body and the production of antibiotics. Antibody : a protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. The ABO Blood System : The ABO Blood System There are four possible blood groups in the ABO system: AB, A, B, O. These are only two types of blood in the Rhesus system: Rhesus positive and Rhesus negative Now we can multiply the ABO system by the Rhesus Factor to get 8 possible blood groups. AB+, AB-, A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-. The ABO Blood System : The ABO Blood System A and B are antigens found on the surfaces of red blood cells. If you have blood group AB it is because both antigens are present. If you have blood group O it is because neither antigen is present. The ability to form these antigens on the surfaces of red blood cells is inherited. People with Blood Group A only have antigen A on their red blood cells. People with Blood Group B only have antigen B. The ABO Blood System : The ABO Blood System There are three alleles: AA this one produces the antigen A on the surfaces of red blood cells, BB this one produces the antigen B on the surfaces of red blood cells, OO this is a recessive gene; neither antigen is produced. AA and BB are co-dominant. That means that if both alleles are present, both antigens (A and B) will be formed on the surfaces of red blood cells and you will have Blood Group AB. The ABO Blood System : The ABO Blood System OO is recessive; neither antigen is produced; so you will have Blood Group O if you have two of these alleles. Your phenotype is the blood group to which you belong, i.e. AB, A, B or O. Your genotype is your genetic make-up, i.e. which alleles you have inherited. There are 6 possibilities: AABB, AAAA, AAOO, BBBB, BBOO, OOOO The ABO Blood System : The ABO Blood System The first possibility is that you have inherited AA from one parent and BB from the other; you will have Blood Group AB. Or you could have inherited the recessive OO allele from both parents. In this case you will have Blood Group O. In between, if you have inherited either one or two AA alleles you will have Blood Group A and if you have inherited either one or two BB alleles you will have Blood Group B. TRANSFUSIONS : TRANSFUSIONS Blood group AIf you belong to the blood group A, you have A antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and B antibodies in your blood plasma. Blood group BIf you belong to the blood group B, you have B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and A antibodies in your blood plasma. Blood group ABIf you belong to the blood group AB, you have both A and B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and no A or B antibodies at all in your blood plasma. Blood group 0If you belong to the blood group 0 , you have neither A or B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma. Rh factor blood grouping system : Rh factor blood grouping system Many people also have a so called Rh factor on the red blood cell's surface. This is also an antigen and those who have it are called Rh+. Those who haven't are called Rh-. A person with Rh- blood does not have Rh antibodies naturally in the blood plasma (as one can have A or B antibodies, for instance). But a person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ blood, whose Rh antigens can trigger the production of Rh antibodies. A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh- blood without any problems. Rh factor blood grouping system : Rh factor blood grouping system What is happening when the blood clumps or agglutinates? For a blood transfusion to be successful, AB0 and Rh blood groups must be compatible between the donor blood and the patient blood. If they are not, the red blood cells from the donated blood will clump or agglutinate. The agglutinated red cells can clog blood vessels and stop the circulation of the blood to various parts of the body. The agglutinated red blood cells also crack and its contents leak out in the body. The red blood cells contain hemoglobin which becomes toxic when outside the cell. This can have fatal consequences for the patient. The A antigen and the A antibodies can bind to each other in the same way that the B antigens can bind to the B antibodies. This is what would happen if, for instance, a B blood person receives blood from an A blood person. The red blood cells will be linked together, like bunches of grapes, by the antibodies. As mentioned earlier, this clumping could lead to death. Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom? : Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom? Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom? : Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom? Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom? : Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom? PLASMA : PLASMA It's a straw-colored, clear liquid that is 90% water, and it is an essential ingredient for human survival. Proteins 6-8% Salts 0.8% Lipids (fats) 0.6% Glucose (blood sugar) 0.1% PLASMA : PLASMA Function: Transports materials needed by cells. Removes materials produced by the cells. Eg. Various ions, glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, lipids, hormones, urea and other wastes PLASMA : PLASMA Serum Proteins (6-8%) Blood plasma without fibrinogen and other clotting factors Serum Albumin – made in the liver Helps maintain blood osmotic pressure and binds molecules together for transport. Serum Globulins Alpha globulins – transports thyroxin and retinol ( vit. A) Beta globulins – iron transporting protein transferrin. Gamma globulins – most antibiotics. PLASMA : PLASMA Serum Lipids Cholesterol: a soft, waxy substance found in your bloodstream. Although your body needs cholesterol to help build and maintain cells, too much cholesterol can build up on your artery walls. PLASMA : PLASMA LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is known as “bad cholesterol” because it can build up in the walls of your arteries and form a thick, hard plaque that clogs your arteries and blocks the flow of blood to your heart and brain. HDL refers to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, also called “good cholesterol” because it helps eliminate bad cholesterol from the body. PLASMA : PLASMA Having high LDL (bad) cholesterol can put you at risk for heart disease, heart attack, or stroke—especially if you have any of these additional risk factors: Low HDL cholesterol Diabetes Smoking Obesity High blood pressure Lack of physical activity Family history of heart disease High-fat/high-cholesterol diet Men aged 45 or older Women aged 55 or older LIPID PROFILE (Blood Test) : LIPID PROFILE (Blood Test) How is the lipid profile used? The lipid profile measures cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL (“good” cholesterol), and LDL (“bad” cholesterol). Triglycerides are the major form of fat found in the body and their function is to provide energy for the cells. Below are the desirable ranges for the components of the lipid profile: Cholesterol <200 mg/dL (5.18 mmol/L) HDL-cholesterol > 40 mg/dL (1.04 mmol/L) LDL-cholesterol <100 mg/dL* (2.59 mmol/L) Triglycerides <150 mg/dL (1.70 mmol/L) Cardiac Risk Ratio = Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol CRR > 7 is considered a warning. Hemophilia : Hemophilia What Is Hemophilia? Hemophilia is a rare inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot normally. Persons with hemophilia may bleed for a longer time than others after an injury or accident. They also may bleed internally, especially in the joints (knees, ankles, and elbows). Babies born with hemophilia are missing or have a low level of a protein needed for normal blood clotting or blood coagulation The protein is called a clotting factor. Hemophilia : Hemophilia What Causes Hemophilia? Hemophilia is an inherited disorder. It is caused by a defect in the genes that determine how the body makes blood clotting factors VIII and IX. These genes are located on the X chromosomes which determine whether a baby is a boy or girl. Chromosomes come in pairs. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. A woman is a “carrier” if she has a defective gene for factor VIII or factor IX on one of her X chromosomes. She can pass the defective gene on to her children. If she has a son, there is a one in two (50 percent) chance that he will have hemophilia. If she has a daughter, there is a one in two (50 percent) chance that the daughter will be a carrier. Hemophilia : Hemophilia Types of Hemophilia The two main types of hemophilia are: Hemophilia A: Clotting factor VIII (8) is low or missing. About 9 of 10 people with hemophilia have type A. (80%) Hemophilia B: Clotting factor IX (9) is low or missing. (20%) Hemophilia also can be acquired when antibodies to these clotting factors form and block their function. Hemophilia : Hemophilia Hemophilia : Hemophilia How Is Hemophilia Treated? The main treatment for hemophilia is “replacement therapy”—giving or replacing the clotting factor that is too low or missing. Concentrates of the clotting factor are infused, or injected, directly into the bloodstream. The specific factors used to treat hemophilia are: Factor VIII for hemophilia A Factor IX for hemophilia B Hemophilia : Hemophilia EUROPEAN ROYALTY AND HEMOPHILIA History's most famous carrier of the gene for hemophilia was Victoria (1819-1901), Queen of England and grandmother to most of the royalty in Europe. In 1853, Queen Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, Duke of Albany, who had hemophilia and died at the age of 31 from internal bleeding after a fall. Two of Queen Victoria's four daughters, Alice (b. 1843) and Beatrice (b. 1857), also carried the gene for hemophilia and subsequently transmitted the disease to three of Victoria's grandsons and to six of her great-grandsons. Alice's daughter Alexandra also was a carrier of hemophilia, and she transmitted the disease to her son Alexis (b. 1904), whose father was Czar Nicholas 11 (1868—1918) of Russia. Alexis is perhaps the most famous of the European royals with hemophilia. Alexis was the heir to his father's throne and his medical condition caused much anxiety in the royal household. Historians are still discussing the role Alexis's condition played in the Russian revolution of 1918.