RossonMMAma06NoPics

International Policy Update & Producer Opportunities: 

International Policy Update & Producer Opportunities Parr Rosson Professor & Director Center for North American Studies Department of Agricultural Economics Texas A&M University

Overview: 

Overview Trade Trends International Institutions Trade Agreements Conclusions & Implications

Trade Trends & International Setting: 

Trade Trends & International Setting

Slide4: 

1990 2000 2001 F2005 F2010 F2015 F2020 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 NA WE I. ASIA EE/FSU D. ASIA ME AFR LA TOTAL Billions 6,310 7,570 Ind. + 8%, Dev. + 31%

Slide5: 

GDP, Trillion 1997 Dollars Ind. + 64%, Developing + 140%

Slide6: 

U.S. Tariffs, 1789-2004 Statistical Abstract of the United States 1789 1816 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Percent 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Tariff of Abominations, 1828 Morrill Act, 1861 Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 1930 Generalized System of Preferences, 1968 Fordney-McCumber Tariff, 1922 GATT, 1947 WTO, 1995

Slide7: 

World Average Agricultural Tariffs, 2002 Source: WTO & ERS/USDA 115 85 55 40 30 25 10 Asia Caribbean Islands Central America South America European Union North America United States 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Percent Region Average World Average 62%

Slide8: 

Top 10 U.S. Ag Export Markets

Slide9: 

Since 2000: Exports + 25% Imports + 50% Trade Surplus Vanishes

Observations: 

Observations Disparity in Population & Income Growth Disparity in Use of Trade Barriers Disparity in Agricultural Trade Growth Finally Seeing China Emerge as Market, Cuba Growing Questions About Role & Future Importance of Trade

International Institutions & Trade Strategies: 

International Institutions & Trade Strategies

U.S. Trade Strategy: 

U.S. Trade Strategy Unilateral Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) CBI/CBERA African Growth Opportunities Act (AGOA) Regional/Bilateral NAFTA, CAFTA-DR, Others Multilateral World Trade Organization Only Forum Where All 150 Member Countries Are Present & Farm Policy Is Negotiated Concurrent Initiatives

Doha Development Agenda in the World Trade Organization (2001-6?): 

Doha Development Agenda in the World Trade Organization (2001-6?) The Hong Kong Ministerial December 13-18, 2005 Agreement on Reductions by April 30, 2006 Draft Schedules Due July 31, 2006 Conclude Negotiations December 31, 2006

Three Pillars for Negotiations in Agriculture: 

Three Pillars for Negotiations in Agriculture Market Access Export Competition Domestic Support Negotiations Under Tight Timeline Due to Expiration of TPA July 2007

Hong Kong, December 2005: 

Hong Kong, December 2005 Little Progress Made in Hong Kong EU Trade Commissioner said state of negotiations was “serious but not desperate.” Agreement to Eliminate Export Subsidies by 2013 Greater “Quota-Free, Duty-Free” Access Granted LDCs, Up to 97% of Products LDC’s want it above 99% and Prepared to Veto While Many Fundamental Issues Remain Unresolved, Deadlines Have Been Set

Hong Kong, December 2005(continued): 

Hong Kong, December 2005 (continued) Agreement on Degree of Tariff Cuts by April 30, 2006 EU Wants to Reduce by 39% (They Claim 46%) while U.S. and Others Think EU Needs to Reduce by about 60% Each Country to Submit Tariff Schedules by July 30 While Export Subsidies Addressed, More work on STE’s and Export Credit Guarantees Needed Agreement Still Needed on Cuts in Trade Distorting Domestic Support (Amber/Blue) U.S. Wants about 53%, Pushing EU and Japan Towards 80% This Does Not Address Green Box Programs U.S. wants “New” Blue Box for CCPs

Other Negotiating/Related Issues: 

Other Negotiating/Related Issues NAMA (Non-Ag Market Access) The Cotton Case (DS 267) U.S. Budget Situation Dissension within EU (France vs. Everyone Else)

Observations: 

Observations WTO Could Result in No Substantial Agreement Future of WTO May Be On the Line Agreement Important to U.S. Open Markets Get Rid of Export Subsidy Distortions Minimize Litigation Over Farm Policy

Role of Trade Agreements: 

Role of Trade Agreements

Why Regional Agreements?: 

Why Regional Agreements? 2d Best After MTN WTO Has Been Slower than Desired Outcome is Uncertain Economic Incentives Open Markets Increase Business Efficiency Keep Pressure on MTN to Perform

Strategic Considerations: 

Strategic Considerations Secure Strategic Materials Oil, Fertilizer, Natural Gas Stem Illegal Immigration by Creating Economic Opportunity in Other Countries Create ‘Buffer Zone’ Against Terrorism (9/11 Commission Report)

Slide22: 

Australia ‘05 Bahrain ‘05 CAFTA-DR ‘05 Chile ‘04 FTAA ‘06 Morocco ‘04 Southern African Customs Union ‘06 Singapore ‘03 Jordan ‘01 U.S. Trade Agreements NAFTA ‘94 Israel ‘85 CUSTA, ‘89 Andean FTA ‘06 Panama ‘06 Thailand ‘06 MEFTA ‘06 S. Korea

Trade Agreements In-Place (7): 

Trade Agreements In-Place (7) Israel-1985-1994 Canada-US (CUSTA)-1989-1998 North America (NAFTA)-1994-2008 US-Mexico US-Canada Canada-Mexico Jordan-December 17, 2001-2010 Chile-January 1, 2004-2015 Singapore-May 6 2003-2012 Australia-January 1, 2005-2022

Trade Agreements-Pending (10): 

Trade Agreements-Pending (10) Morocco-President Signed 8/17/04, Pending Signature, King of Morocco CAFTA-DR-Signed by President, (20 Years to Full Implementation) Bahrain-Pending Submission to Congress Panama-Nine Negotiating Sessions Held, Panama Delays Colombia, Ecuador, Peru (ANDEAN)-Nine Rounds, Negotiations Continue Thailand-Three Rounds Held S. Korea - 2007

Trade Agreements-Pending (10): 

Trade Agreements-Pending (10) Southern African Customs Union (SACU): Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland, South Africa-Six Rounds Held MEFTA: Oman & United Arab Emirates Under Negotiation: Egypt, Others??

Slide26: 

Dominican Republic, 800 Miles NE North Houston, 1,300 Miles NW Mexico

Slide27: 

CAFTA-DR Demographic Overview

CAFTA-DR Prospects: 

CAFTA-DR Prospects U.S. Ag. Export Gains of $1.5 Billion Annually Near Term: HQ Beef, Cotton, Wheat & Soybeans Long Term: Rice, Dairy, Pork, Poultry & Corn Challenges: Sugar, Cantaloupe, Honeydew Limitations: Infrastructure, Income Growth/Distribution, Plant & Animal Health Other Opportunities: Investment

Slide29: 

CAFTA-DR Ag. Trade, 2003 USDA, FATUS. Grains & Feeds 43.5% Oilseeds 19.4% Meats 15.2% Veg/Fruit 8.7% Cotton 3.5% Other 9.6% Bananas 25.4% Fruit/Veg 19.9% Fish 18.0% Coffee 17.3% Sugar 7.1% Other 12.4% US Exports: $1,339 million US Imports: $2,654 million

Observations: 

Observations Agreements May Be Necessary Condition for Opening New Markets for Agriculture Time is Crucial Due to Expiration of TPA Some Agreements Easier than Others Future of Free Trade of the Americas in Serious Doubt

Conclusions and Implications: 

Conclusions and Implications

Conclusions & Implications: 

Conclusions & Implications U.S. Market Is Open, Rest of World Is Not U.S. Export Growth Lags Import Growth If Trade Growth is Important, Disparities Must Be Addressed Progress in WTO Important to U.S. & Texas for at Least 2 Reasons: Markets Farm Policy

Conclusions & Implications: 

Conclusions & Implications Reductions in Trade Distorting Domestic Support Likely Substantial Some Adjustment for U.S. Producers Absent WTO Progress, Expect More Litigation in WTO Aimed at Farm U.S. Policy Trade Reform is at a Crossroads: Protection or Progress? If Export Markets Are Important, Trade Agreements & WTO Progress Are Necessary, But Not Sufficient

Slide34: 

Thank You! Questions? Parr Rosson Department of Agricultural Economics Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-2124 E-mail: prosson@tamu.edu Telephone: 979-845-3070