Satellite Industry U.S

Satellite Industry OverviewU.S. Department of Commerce – Thursday, December 16th 2004: 

Satellite Industry Overview U.S. Department of Commerce – Thursday, December 16th 2004

Value of Satellite Systems: 

Value of Satellite Systems Value of satellite systems grows with widely distributed networks and mobility of users Satellite systems perform most effectively when: interconnecting wide distributed networks, providing broadcasting services over very wide areas such as a country, region, or entire hemisphere providing connectivity for the 'last mile' in cases where fiber networks are simply not available for interactive services. providing mobile wideband and narrow band communications satellites are best and most reliable form of communications in the case of natural disasters or terrorist attacks - fiber networks or even terrestrial wireless can be disrupted by tsunamis, earthquakes, etc..

Satellite-Fiber Comparison: 

Satellite-Fiber Comparison

“Typical” Fixed Satellite Network: 

'Typical' Fixed Satellite Network Branch Offices Corporate Data Center/HQ Network HUB Corporate Offices Gas Stations Apartment Buildings Residential Internet Applications Credit Card Validation ATM/Pay at the Pump Inventory Control Store Monitoring Electronic Pricing Training Videos In-Store Audio Broadband Internet Access Distance Learning Some large scale corporate networks have as many as 10,000 nodes

Orbital Options: 

Orbital Options A Geosynchronous satellite (GEO) completes one revolution around the world every 23 hrs and 56 minutes in order to maintain continuous positioning above the earth’s sub-satellite point on the equator. A medium earth orbit satellite (MEO) requires a constellation of 10 to 18 satellites in order to maintain constant coverage of the earth. A low earth orbit satellite (LEO) offers reduced signal loss since these satellites are 20 to 40 times closer to the earth in their orbits thus allowing for smaller user terminals/antennas.

Geostationary Orbit (GEO): 

Geostationary Orbit (GEO) Characteristics of Geostationary (GEO) Orbit Systems User terminals do not have to track the satellite Only a few satellites can provide global coverage Maximum life-time (15 years or more) Above Van Allen Belt Radiation Often the lowest cost system and simplest in terms of tracking and high speed switching Challenges of Geostationary (GEO) Orbit Transmission latency or delay of 250 millisecond to complete up/down link Satellite antennas must be of larger aperture size to concentrate power and to create narrower beams for frequency reuse Poor look angle elevations at higher latitudes

Slide7: 

Geostationary Orbit Today

Low Earth Orbit (LEO): 

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Characteristics of Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) Systems - Low latency or transmission delay  - Higher look angle (especially in high-latitude regions)  - Less path loss or beam spreading - Easier to achieve high levels of frequency re-use - Easier to operate to low-power/low-gain ground antennas Challenges of Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) Systems - Larger number of satellites (50 to 70 satellites). Thus higher launch costs to deploy, build, and operate. - Harder to deploy, track and operate. There is higher TTCandamp;M costs even with cross links. - Shorter in-orbit lifetime due to orbital degradation

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO): 

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Characteristics of Medium-Earth Orbit (MEO) Systems Less latency and delay than GEO (but greater than LEO) Improved look angle to ground receivers in higher latitudes Fewer satellites to deploy and operate and cheaper TTCandamp;M systems than LEO (but more expensive than with GEO) Longer in-orbit lifetime than LEO systems (but less than GEO) Challenges of Medium-Earth Orbit (MEO) Systems More satellites to deploy than GEO (10 to 18 vs. 3 to 4) Ground antennas are generally more expensive and complex because of the need to track satellites. Or, one must use lower-gain, quasi-omni antennas. Increased exposure to Van Allen Belt radiation

Components: 

Components Bus Power Subsystem Telemetry and Command Subsystem Attitude and Control Subsystem Propulsion Subsystem Payload Communications Subsystem Transponders

Transponders: 

Transponders The transponder is the 'brains' of the satellite - provides the connection between the satellite’s receive and transmit antennas. Satellites can have 12 to 96 transponders plus spares, depending on the size of the satellite. A transponder bandwidth can frequently be 36 MHz, 54 MHz, or 72 MHz or it can be even wider. A transponders function is to Receive the signal, (Signal is one trillion times weaker then when transmitted) Filter out noise, Shift the frequency to a down link frequency (to avoid interference w/uplink) Amplify for retransmission to ground

Frequency Efficiency: 

Frequency Efficiency The vital resource in satellite communications is spectrum. As the demand for satellite services has grown, the solution has been; To space satellites closer together, Allocate new spectrum in higher bands, Make satellite transmissions more efficient so that more bits/Hz can be transmitted, and To find ways to re-use allocated spectrum such as through geographic separation into separated cells or beams or through polarization separation Today the satellites systems transmit more efficiently than ever before but interference is now a bigger problem - there is a basic trade off; The higher the frequency the more spectrum that is available But, the higher the frequency the more problems with interference from other users terrestrial, unlicensed, etc.

Satellite Frequencies: 

Satellite Frequencies There are specific frequency ranges used by commercial satellites. L-band (Mobile Satellite Services) 1.0 – 2.0 GHz S-band (MSS, DARS – XM, Sirius) 1.55 – 3.9 GHz C-band (FSS, VSAT) 3.7 – 6.2 GHz X-Band (Military/Satellite Imagery) 8.0 – 12.0 GHz Ku-band (FSS, DBS, VSAT) 11.7–14.5 GHz Ka-band (FSS 'broadband' and inter-satellite links) 17.7 - 21.2GHz and 27.5 – 31 GHz

Slide14: 

Main source of power is solar cell panels - new solar cells are increasingly efficient The solar cell system is backed up by battery system that provides energy during solar eclipses and other periods of outages. Typical power levels of 2 to 5 KWs for Fixed Satellite Systems and 10 to 12 KWs for Mobile and Broadcast Satellite Systems. Batteries latest battery technology is represented by Lithium Ion systems that can provide a greater power density for longer periods of time and survive a greater depth of discharge Satellite Power Systems

Satellite Technologies of the Future: 

Satellite Technologies of the Future Satellites in general are becoming more capable, with higher power and larger aperture antennas to promote frequency re-use and creating highly capable 'super- computers-in-the-sky' With electronically formed beams, the beam patterns can be re-formed on command to respond to needs at different times of day, or of changing requirements that emerge in response to market demand Future Technologies include: Advanced Phased Array Antennas Dynamic Beam Management Advanced Antenna Systems More Efficient Power Systems Turbo-coding Advanced Modems New materials for Light weight antennas (Inflatable Antennas)

Satellite Services & Applications: 

Satellite Services andamp; Applications Launch Vehicles Ground Equipment Insurance Manufacturing Infrastructure / Support Services Remote Sensing Pipeline Monitoring Infrastructure Planning Forest Fire Prevention Urban Planning Flood and Storm watches Air Pollution Management Geo-spatial Services GPS/Navigation Position Location Timing Search and Rescue Mapping Fleet Management Security andamp; Database Access Emergency Services Direct-To-Consumer Broadband IP DTH/DBS Television Digital Audio Radio Interactive Entertainment andamp; Games Video andamp; Data to handhelds Voice/Video/Data Communications Rural Telephony News Gathering/Distribution Internet Trunking Corporate VSAT Networks Tele-Medicine Distance-Learning Mobile Telephony Videoconferencing Business Television Broadcast and Cable Relay VOIP andamp; Multi-media over IP

World Satellite Industry Revenues: 

World Satellite Industry Revenues $38.0 $49.1 $55.0 $60.4 $73.7 $78.6 $86.1 $91.0

World Satellite Services Revenue: 

World Satellite Services Revenue FSS=VSAT services, remote sensing, and transponder leasing MSS=Mobile telephone and mobile data DBS/DARS=DTH TV, DARS, and Broadband $15.8 $ 21.1 $ 24.4 $ 29.7 $ 39.2 $ 46.5 $49.1 $55.9

Slide19: 

Fixed Satellite Services FSS Industry Geosynchronous Spacecraft ~22,000 miles in orbit C, Ku and Ka Frequencies Terrestrial Infrastructures Teleports TTandamp;C Centers Service Platforms Fiber Interconnects Diverse market-base Media Distribution Telecom Infrastructure Enterprise Networks Government Networks andamp; Apps ~ 250 operational commercial GEO satellites in use today 59 to be launched over next 3 years

Mobile Satellite Industry : 

Mobile Satellite Industry Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) refer to services to mobile user terminals Use a mix of orbit types Geosynchronous (GEO) Non-geosynchronous (LEO and MEO) System sizes range from (1) GEO satellite to (66) LEO Satellites Some use Inter-Satellite Links (ISLs) Use a mix of frequencies Mostly L-Band / Some S-Band, UHF/VHF Feeder links and some services use C, Ka, and Ku-Band Applications Aeronautical Maritime Land

Ground Antennas: 

Ground Antennas The size of the antenna depends on the satellite frequency band used, the data rate, and whether the service is bidirectional or receive only Higher data rates require larger antennas and/or higher power Higher transmit capability (EIRP) of the satellite allows the antenna size to be reduced The use of spot beams instead of global beams improves VSAT link performance Receive-only antennas can be substantially smaller

Slide22: 

Ground Equipment Trends Overall systems costs have decreased because of the explosion of low cost user terminals that can now receive video via hand-held units. Omni directional antennas Smaller, lighter, cheaper More powerful, faster Pocket, notebook, rugged Application specific terminals, embedded modems Phones • Voice, Asynchronous Data and Packet Data Smaller (antenna and battery in particular) Minimal Set-Up Time, Robust, Portable, Easy To Use

World Ground Equipment Revenues: 

World Ground Equipment Revenues Includes: Gateways, NOCs, Satellite News Gathering equipment, flyaways, VSATs, DBS Dishes, DARS equipment, satellite phone booths, satellite phones

Launch Industry Overview: 

Launch Industry Overview U.S. Launch Service Providers Lockheed Martin (Atlas) Boeing Launch Services (Delta) Orbital – (Pegasus) SpaceX – (Falcon) International Launch Vehicle Market Boeing + Ukraine - Sea Launch (Zenit) Lockheed + Russian - ILS (Atlas/Proton) European- Arianespace (Ariane) India (PSLV) Russian – Energia - (Proton) China –Great Wall - (LongMarch) Japan – Mitsubishi - (H2A)

Global Manufacturing Environment: 

Global Manufacturing Environment 'Big Five' Manufacturers Other Players

Slide26: 

Global Supply vs. Demand GEO Communications Satellites and Launches

U.S. Manufacturing Market Share: 

U.S. Manufacturing Market Share 60% 63% 64% 63% 52% 40% 36% 47%

Slide28: 

Satellites Are Critical Infrastructure Early 2003 – GAO Report re: Commercial Satellite Infrastructure 'Commercial Satellite Security Should Be More Fully Addressed' Early 2003 – Homeland Security Act 'Satellite Communications Infrastructure Is Critical National Infrastructure' Late 2003 – GAO Report re: DoD’s Procurement Of Commercial SATCOM 'Strategic Approach Need For DoD’s Procurement Of Commercial Satcom' Early 2004 – NSTAC Satellite Task Force Report to President 'Commercial Satellite Industry Is Critical To Our National, Economic, and Homeland Security'

Critical To The Economy: 

Critical To The Economy Pump Gas Watch TV Shop Eat Out Buy andamp; Service Automobile Transact Financially Stay at Hotels

Critical to Flow of Information: 

Critical to Flow of Information Newsgathering – First choice for live coverage, providing high-bandwidth video links from remote locations to capture 'breaking news' Program Delivery – National broadcasts from four major television networks and more than 180 cable channels are relayed to over 10,000 local cable systems via satellite

Critical to Homeland Security: 

Critical to Homeland Security Federal Government utilize satellites for backup communications and diversified access alternatives to their federal facilities, especially at COOP/COG sites Over 80% of the Federal agencies rely on satellites for communications, such as - Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) uses mobile 'satellite on wheels' trucks, fixed voice terminals, and mobile satellite phones for emergencies Coast Guard uses satellites for ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communications Customs and Border Protection uses satellites for border monitoring and remote access voice communications Satellites support network reconstitution, improving infrastructure resiliency with media diversity USG used PanAmSat capacity over New York to during September 11 events Satellites support economic continuity CIP industries, such as finance/banking, oil, gas, communications, and retail rely on satellites

Emergency Preparedness Users: 

Emergency Preparedness Users Bureau of Indian Affairs Centers for Disease Control Environmental Protection Agency Federal Aviation Administration Federal Bureau of Investigation Fish and Wildlife Service Food and Drug Administration General Services Administration Internal Revenue Service National Institutes of Health National Park Service National Weather Service* Nuclear Regulatory Commission Transportation Security Agency Social Security Administration White House U.S. Senate U.S. Navy U.S. Army U.S. Air Force U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Marine Corps U.S. Forest Service U.S. Customs Service U.S. Geological Survey Department of Commerce Department of Agriculture Department of Justice Department of State Department of Homeland Security Department of the Treasury Department of Veterans Affairs Agency for International Development

Satellite Task Force Findings: 

Satellite Task Force Findings The STF Report includes 22 findings on vulnerabilities of the commercial SATCOM infrastructure and implications of commercial satellite use for NS/EP Key task force findings include: Satellite services are important for NS/EP telecommunications because of their ubiquity and independence from other communications infrastructures Civil agencies have a shortage of in-house technical expertise that can integrate SATCOM into the agencies’ communications architectures Agency procurement processes do not allow the Government to compete effectively for commercial SATCOM capacity All components of commercial satellite systems are susceptible to both intentional and unintentional threats The current regulatory structure evaluating foreign ownership provides a framework that adequately protects NS/EP interests

Slide34: 

The NSTAC made three recommendations to the President 1. Direct the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security, and the Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy, to develop a national policy with respect to the provisioning and management of commercial SATCOM services integral to NS/EP communications, recognizing the vital and unique capabilities commercial satellites provide for global military operations, diplomatic missions, and homeland security contingency support 2. Fund the Department of Homeland Security to implement a commercial SATCOM NS/EP improvement program within the National Communications System to procure and manage the non-Department of Defense satellite communications satellite facilities and services necessary to increase the robustness of Government communications 3. Appoint several members to represent service providers and associations from all sectors of the commercial satellite industry to the NSTAC to increase satellite industry involvement in NS/EP NSTAC STF Recommendations

Critical To Rural America: 

Critical To Rural America Satellites Are The Only Viable Option For Rural America

Critical to the Future of Aviation: 

Critical to the Future of Aviation Currently providing secure and reliable voice and data communications In-flight data and voice communications for Crew, Air Marshals and passengers Establishing specialized secure communications for airplanes, airports, seaports, and border control. Enable Search and Rescue Next Generation Satellite Services Global Air Traffic Management Black Box Alternatives Advanced passenger and safety services

Navigation – GPS: 

A military system that is now central to the lives of millions of civil and commercial users Public safety dispatch – improves response time Search and Rescue – locates emergency calls Air Traffic Control – guides planes in all weather Telecommunications – primary timing source, E-911 enabler Transportation – tracks trains, trucks, vital shipments Underpins US Warfighting Precision Munitions Cruise Missiles Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Navigation – GPS

Commercial Remote Sensing: 

Provides scientific, industrial, civil, military and individual users with high resolution images for: Defense andamp; intelligence Homeland security andamp; asset protection Insurance andamp; risk management Transportation andamp; infrastructure planning Natural resource assessment Agriculture Disaster relief Insurance and risk management Oil andamp; gas exploration Mapping Commercial Remote Sensing QuickBird .61 m color image

Slide39: 

Remote Sensing Industry Three U.S. Commercial Satellite Imagery Companies

Commercial Remote Sensing Space Policy: 

Commercial Remote Sensing Space Policy CRSSP Signed by President, April 2003 Goal: 'advance and protect U.S. national security …by maintaining the nation’s leadership in remote sensing space activities, and by sustaining and enhancing the U.S. remote sensing industry.' Rely to the maximum practical extent on U.S. commercial remote sensing space capabilities… Focus USG remote sensing space systems on meeting needs that can not be effectively, affordably, and reliably satisfied by commercial providers Develop a long-term, sustainable relationship between the USG and the U.S. commercial remote sensing space industry Provide a timely and responsive regulatory environment for licensing the operations …of commercial remote sensing space systems Enable U.S. industry to compete successfully as a provider of remote sensing space capabilities for foreign governments and foreign commercial users, while ensuring appropriate measures are implemented to protect national security and foreign policy NGA leading implementation of policy on national security side Promoting long-term partnerships ClearView – Guaranteed, long term purchase commitments NextView – Commitment to advancing next generation systems

Critical to Weather Forecasting Search and Rescue: 

Critical to Weather Forecasting Search and Rescue NOAA’s operational environmental satellite system is composed of: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES): short-range warning and 'narrowcasting' Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES): longer term forecasting Both are required for providing complete global weather monitoring The satellites carry search and rescue instruments, and have helped save the lives of about 10,000 people to date.

Critical To National Security: 

Critical To National Security 80% of satellite communications used during Operation Iraqi Freedom were provided by the private sector To meet its near-to-midterm war-fighting requirements, DOD must continue to use commercial SATCOM

Increasing Satcom Requirement: 

Increasing Satcom Requirement 10% 250% 388% 11% Source: Maj. Gen. Charles Croom Briefing, Federal Telecom Conference, 2002

Benefits Of Partnership: 

Benefits Of Partnership Responsive Procurement Long-Term Planning Lower Operational Risk Coordinated Protection of Private Sector Infrastructure Timely Response to Jamming and Orbital Debris Incidents Shaping Warfighter SATCOM Tools for specific missions Bandwidth portability Network-Centric Operations Mutual Benefits for DoD and Industry DoD Benefits Industry Benefits Centralized/Bulk Procurement Long-Term Contracts Lower Business Risk Coordinated Protection of Private Sector Infrastructure Timely Response to Jamming and Orbital Debris Incidents Information Sharing Improved Industry Planning

Emerging Services/Applications: 

Emerging Services/Applications

Slide46: 

Source: 2003 Media Business Annual Report Derived from SG Cowan, January 2003

Satellite Broadband: 

Broadband Connectivity to Aircraft Forward link: 10 Mbps Return link: 128 - 512 Kbps Near-global connectivity E-mail/Internet access FSS Satellite capacity Satellite Broadband Broadband Connectivity to Homes/Offices Forward link: 2-3 Mbps Return link: 128 - 512 Kbps Connectivity regardless of location/geography Mobile Broadband Services 'Comms on the Pause' In-motion: Transmit and Receive on-the-go Multi-Mb inbound to vehicle, up to 500kbs+ out Valuable for Network Centric Operations Air, Sea and Land-based vehicle applications

Slide48: 

Satellite Services Lower Transponder Rates Higher Insurance Costs Industry Consolidation Export Controls DBS/DARS Access To Adequate Spectrum Competition With Terrestrial 'Giants' Satellite Manufacturing/Launch Overcapacity Export Controls Ground Equipment Interference with Terrestrial/Unlicensed Devices Foreign Licensing/Market Access Satellite Business Factors

Regulatory Issues: 

Regulatory Issues Satellites Are Inherently International Spectrum Fees International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Interference Interference Noise Temperature Unlicensed Devices Extended C-Band Radar Detectors Ultra Wide-Band Licensing Earth Station Orbital Debris Critical Infrastructure/Homeland Security Emergency Alert System (EAS) CALEA

Problems With U.S. Export Controls: 

Problems With U.S. Export Controls Lack of Transparency and Predictability Increase costs and delays Widely Available Technologies Deny high-tech industries in the U.S. a level playing field Lack of Tiered System Allies are examined under the same scrutiny as rogue states Extra-Territorial Reach On Components Foreign manufacturers wary of U.S. components

Satellite Manufacturing Orders: 

Satellite Manufacturing Orders Worldwide Orders For (U.S / Non-U.S) Commercial GEO Satellites 1995 = 18 (11 / 7) 1996 = 31 (21 / 10) 1997 = 25 (19 / 6) 1998 = 22 (16 / 6) 1999 = 13 (8 / 5) 2000 = 35 (15 / 20) 2001 = 28 (24 / 4) 2002 = 6 (4 cancelled) (1 / 5) 2003 = 19 (13 / 6) 2004 = 12 (9 / 3)

Trade/Market Access: 

Trade/Market Access Eliminate Excessive Regulatory Fees Regulatory or control fees for satellite services should be proportional to the regulation of the service – i.e. on a cost reimbursable basis Provide Transparent, Non-Discriminatory Licensing Procedures Where individual authorizations or registrations are required, they should only serve to validate the licenses already obtained by the satellite operator from its licensing administration. Eliminate Local Entity/Local Presence Requirements Satellite operators should not be required to establish a local commercial and technical presence in each country in which they seek to provide services. Provide National Treatment For Foreign Operators/Eliminate Monopolies Regulators should remove any foreign ownership restrictions (or preference for domestic operators) that affect the competitive provision of satellite services. Eliminate Burdensome Frequency Coordination Requirements Satellite operators should not be required to obtain a license or authorization to use the radio-electric spectrum associated with their space stations on a country-by-country basis.

Summary: 

Summary Satellite Industry Issues are Inherently Global International Ramifications for Domestic Actions Satellites Are Critical Infrastructure National, Economic, Homeland Security Spectrum is the Life-Blood Of The Satellite Industry Satellite Spectrum Must Be Protected From Interference, Excessive Fees, Regulations Government Must Improve Partnership/Relationship with Satellite Industry Acquisition, Protection, Management of Commercial SATCOM