ParisVI31may05

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Baryogenesis: The quest for the origin of matter Tomislav Prokopec (ITP&Spinoza Institute, Utrecht U.) Paris, May 31 2005 Michael G. Schmidt (ITP, Heidelberg) Steffen Weinstock (Bielefeld) Kimmo Kainulainen (Jyvaskyla, Finland) Thomas Konstandin (ITP, Heidelberg) Collaborators: hep-ph/0406140, Annals Phys. 314/2 (2004) 267-320 Nucl.Phys.B679:246-260,2004 [hep-ph/0309291] Phys. Rev. Lett. 92:061303, 2004 [hep-ph/0304088] Michael Joyce (Paris VI) Björn Garbrecht (ITP, Heidelberg) hep-ph/0410135, Nucl. Phys. Phys.Rev.D66:043502,2002 [hep-ph/0202177] JHEP 0106:031,2001 [hep-ph/0105295] JHEP 0010:030,2000 [hep-ph/0003190] Phys.Rev.D57:6022-6049,1998 [hep-ph/9709320]  1 hep-ph/0312110, Annals Phys. 314/1 (2004) 208-265 hep-ph/0505103

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Contents  introduction - sphaleron bound &baryogenesis at a weak ew transition  how to get a strong ew transition in extensions of Standard Model  conclusions  Baryogenesis at a weak electroweak transition - observed baryon asymmetry - brief history of the Universe & baryogenesis  2 - Sakharov’s conditions  baryogenesis in the MSSM (by CP violating chargino oscillations and transport into the quark sector) -by adding fermions and bosons with large Yukawa coupling  grand unified scale baryogenesis: Affleck Dine mechanism, coherent baryogenesis, leptogenesis

Brief history of the Universe & baryogenesis: 

Brief history of the Universe & baryogenesis  GUT scale baryogenesis:  Affleck-Dine baryogenesis (bg) - leptogenesis - coherent baryogenesis - thermal GUT baryogenesis  electroweak scale baryogenesis (ewbg)  Inhomogeneous baryogenesis (domains)  3

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NGC 1451 D (`98) Matter: star forming region  4

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Observed matter-animatter asymmetry -in the early Universe’s hot plasma: for each 1 000 000 001 particle there are about 1 000 000 000 antiparticles -asymmetric Universe: islands of matter and antimatter EXCLUDED by hot Big Bang, and HEAT,AMS. The ratio of baryon and photon number densities: -nucleosynthesis constraint, cmbr measurements (WMAP)  5 Today in the Universe: for each 2 000 000 000 photons there is one baryon (proton or neutron) There is 412 photons per cubic cm, and only one baryon per 4 cubic meters =

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Baryonic matter and cmbr baryons: increase compression (odd) peaks, decrease rarefaction peaks  6

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-nucleosynthesis: fusion of light elements from hydrogen Fig. Primordial density of light nuclei Consequences? Baryon number is constrained -D, He-3, He-4 and Li can be measured in old stars -deuterium (D) measured in old (distant) dust clouds [Hogan]  7 Kirkman et al 2003

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Sakharov conditions for dynamical baryogenesis -C and CP violation -B violation -disequilibrium B = Tr [B exp – bH] = Tr [CPT B (CPT) CPT (exp – bH) (CPT) ] CPT B (CPT) = -B = Tr [-B exp – bH] = - B -1 -1 -1 av av Sakharov ´67 Dimopoulos, Susskind 1981 CPT H (CPT) = H -1  8

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Sakharov  9 The “Installation” (Sarov) was a secret city in the central Volga region of the USSR, where the thermonuclear bomb was constructed (1953). Sakharov's drawing of the Tokamak idea (1950), with explanations added. Yakov  Zeldovich, Andrei Sakharov and David  Frank-Kamenetskii at the “Installation” In 1953 Sakharov was elected full member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, awarded the Hero of Socialist Labor Medals, a Stalin Prize and a dacha (villa) in the Moscow suburb Zhukovka. 

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Sakharov  10 Sakharov became activist against nuclear tests “The Radioactive Danger of Nuclear Tests” „The conscience of the contemporary scientist cannot distinguish the suffering of his contemporaries and that of posterity.”  Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (Moscow Treaty),10 October 1963 „would it not be more natural to expect the matter and antimatter to be present in equal quantities, since the laws of fundamental physics treat particles and anti-particles in exact symmetry?“ 1967 The opening page of Sakharov’s paper (1967) „From S. Okubo’s effect at high temperature a coat is tailored for the Universe to fit its skewed shape“ In 1958 Susumo Okubo proposed CP-asymmetry. Cosmology May 1968 he completed an essay, “Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence, and Intellectual Freedom.” published by the Dutch newspaper Het Porool and by The New York Times in July 1968.  “Far in the future, in more than 50 years, I foresee a universal information system (UIS)” (1974) Solzhenitsyn, Nobel Prize laureate for literature of 1970, in 1973 nominated Sakharov for the Nobel Prize for Peace, and which he won in 1975.

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Baryon violation in the SM: Axial current anomaly -at tree level fermionic current is conserved -at one loop the current is anomalous Adler, Bell, Jackiw `t Hooft -left fermionic current is anomalous due to the non-Abelian nature of SU(2) L -baryon number violation is computed by integrating the baryonic current nonconservation: -B-violating processes are topological (like in Schwinger model) Manton 1983,Manton Klinkhamer 1984 Kuzmin, Rubakov, Shaposhnikov 1985 Arnold, McLerran 1987  11

Instanton & sphaleron transitions: 

Instanton & sphaleron transitions Manton, Phys. Rev. D28, 2019 (1983) `t Hooft, Phys. Rev. Lett. 37, 8 (1976) Belavin, Polyakov, Schwartz and Tyupkin, Phys. Lett. 59B, 85 (1975) Arnold,McLerran, Phys.Rev. D36, 581(1987) At zero temperature the transitions between the vacua with different baryon number are described by instantons, whose rate is very slow, At finite temperatures, the transition rate is determined by the saddle point of Yang Mills-Higgs equations (sphaleron). One finds an energy barreer with the transition rate This energy barreer decreases as the temperature approaches the electroweak transition temperature. Above the critical temperature the barreer disappears, and the sphaleron rate is conductivity driven:  12

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B-violating processes: a toy model Schwinger (toy) model: Chiral fermions in 1+1 dimensions: L =   •D, D= + ieA – Dispersion relation: E = p fermions of right (+) and left (-) chirality In a constant electric field E, momentum changes as p(t)=p  eEt leading to creation of L- and R- fermion pairs  violation of chirality  E p E p Dirac sea Dirac sea 13 Atiyah, Singer Patodi Theorem, Bul. London Matt. Soc. 5, 229 (1973) Callan, Dashen, Gross, Phys. Rev. D 17, 2717 (1978) (Level crossings)=  (Chern-Simmons) Christ, Phys. Rev. D 21, 1591 (1980)

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Baryogenesis above the electroweak scale produced @ Harvey & Turner, 1990  14 - one then finds that @ NB2: If baryons are produced at the electro-weak scale, then B=-L, such that B+L=0. = ~

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Phase transition in the Minimal Standard Model (MSM) in MSM for Higgs mass  72.4±1.7 GeV ew transition is a crossover Kajantie,Laine,Rummukainen,Shaposhnikov 1995, 1998 LEP evidence for Higgs particle with mass ~ 114 GeV (~1.7 ) sphaleron bound: in the broken phase, the condition Shaposhnikov, 1987 ALEPH, CERN requires a strong phase transition:  15 Czikor, Fodor, Heitger 1998 crossover or 2nd order transition: 1st order transition: Arnold, McLerran, 1987

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Baryogenesis at the electroweak scale: crossover or second order transition? Kuzmin, Rubakov & Shaposhnikov, 1985  16  In standard cosmology @ = Joyce & Prokopec, 1998  Hubble parameter ~ Guy Moore, 2000 -calculated at the sphaleron freeze-out temperature ~ ~ =

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Phase transition in the MSM (2) xc = 0.10: Higgs mass = 72.4±1.7 GeV  17 1st order transition line x = l3 (g3)/g3² y = (m3(g3)/g3²)² g3² = g²(m)kBT+.. l3 = l3(m)kBT+.. Kajantie,Laine,Rummukainen,Shaposhnikov 1995

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Strong first order transition in MSSM allowed “triangle” for the MSSM: Carena, Quiros, Seco, Wagner, 2000  18 strong transition: T weak transition : T color breaking phase Higgs mass R-stop mass - color-breaking phase Bodeker, John, Laine, Schmidt, 1996

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How to get a strong first order ew phase transition (2)  19 Recipe: add additional heavy scalars and fermions, i.e. which strongly couple to the Higgs sector Megevand 2003 (a) Use split susy: Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos, 2004 -some particles (charginos) can couple strongly to Higgs (e.g. Yukawa > 2) Carena, Megevand, Quiros, Wagner, 2004 - The „bump“ is created not by IR scalar excitations, but by changing the effective number of degrees of freedom: (b) Use a `nonrenormalizable‘ Higgs potential: Grojean, Servant, Wells, 2004 Generated by coupling a singlet to Higgs, or by dyn. sym. breaking at TeV scale

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Electroweak baryogenesis at a strong 1st order transition Phase transition dynamics Moore,Prokopec ‘95 Moore,Rummukainen -at a 1st order phase transition bubbles of broken phase nucleate Higgs phase symmetric phase  20

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Electroweak baryogenesis at a strong 1st order transition 8 expanding bubbles of higgs phase 8 CP violation on bubble walls 8 B violation in symmetric phase Cohen,Kaplan,Nelson 1991 21  diffusion: ink in water ~

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Supersymmetry and MSSM ●To each particle of the Standard Model one associates a particle with a different statistic: NB: In contrast to SM, MSSM has 2 complex Higgs doublet fields charginos & neutralinos 22

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Semiclassical force and flavor oscillarions of charginos Kainulainen, Prokopec, Schmidt, Weinstock 2001 LAGRANGIAN Fs ●Charginos decay into quarks & leptons via weak strength interactions: 23 ● The presence of a propagating bubble wall (Higgs condensate) induces chargino flavour oscillations, analogous to neutrino flavour oscillations. ● Sphalerons bias production of net baryon number, which diffuses into broken phase Konstandin, Prokopec, Schmidt, 2004 & 2005

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CHARGINO BARYOGENESIS IN MSSM (1) Konstandin, Prokopec, Schmidt, hep-ph/0505103 (2005) 24 Baryon production from different sources: b=nb/n  chargino oscillations: Sa,Sb,Sc  semiclassical force: Sd  Damping =wT  Damping =0.25wT h10 mc mc

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CHARGINO BARYOGENESIS IN MSSM (2) 25 Baryon production b=nb/n as a function of mc & mA mc h10

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CHARGINO BARYOGENESIS IN MSSM (3) 26 Baryon production b=nb/n as a function ofc,tan & mA=150GeV

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ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT FROM MSSM 27 The current measurement bound of the electron electric dipole moment (EDM) Regan et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88:071805, 2002 The standard model (MSM) value for eEDM (4 loop) Pospelov, Khriplovich, Sov.J.Nucl.Phys.53:638-640,1991, Yad.Fiz.53:1030-1033,1991 The standard model (MSM) value for neutron EDM (2 loop penguin) The MSSM 2 loop Higgs contribution for electron EDM

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CHARGINO BARYOGENESIS IN MSSM (4) Konstandin, Prokopec, Schmidt, hep-ph/0505103 (2005) Baryon asymmetry from charginos with maximum CP violation assumed 28 black regions mean constrain the CP violating phase to be < 0.1, implying that charginos cannot produce enough baryons to explain the BAU (unless there are fortuitious cancellations of the MSSM contributions to the EDM. The current measurements of the electron electric dipole moment Regan et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88:071805, 2002

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GUT scale baryogenesis -CP-violating out-of-equilibrium decay of heavy GUT particles -CP-violating oscillations of a scalar field condensate and decay (Affleck-Dine mechanism) Sakharov Weinberg Kolb,Wolfram Yanagida,Yoshimura Affleck,Dine 1987 Dine,Randall,Thomas 1995 PERTURBATIVE: NONPERTURBATIVE:  oscillations and CP-violating decay of a scalar field (in-flaton) 29 -COHERENT BARYOGENESIS: oscillations of a scalar field and decay into fermions that mix baryons and leptons (GUTs)

LEPTOGENESIS: 

 30 LEPTOGENESIS ▪sea-saw mechanism for neutrino mass generation Fukugita, Yanagida, 1985 ▪L=1 processes: decays and inverse decays of a heavy Majorana neutrino ▪ CP violation  in Majorana neutrino decays ▪ Because of >0 (which is generated by interference of tree level and one loop decays) there is a net lepton production in Majorana neutrino (N) decays.

THERMAL LEPTOGENESIS: 

 31 THERMAL LEPTOGENESIS ▪upper bound on neutrino masses, required by successful leptogenesis (with maximum CP violation) Buchműller, di Bari, Plűmacher, 2003 Majorana neutrino N decays out of equilibrium in thermal plasma at D - D D D

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CONCLUSIONS The next generation of high energy experiments (LHC, NLC) will probe the physics of the electroweak scale, and hence may provide us with a crucial information on the origin of the matter of the Universe New generation EDM measurements will soon probe much deeper CP violation beyond the Standard Model In a near future we may find that the conditions for a successful electroweak scale baryogenesis are met, rendering thus the electroweak scale baryogenesis hypothesis testable 32

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CP violation in Standard Model Cronin,Fitch 1964 Kobayashi,Maskawa 1973 NA48 (direct CP viol.) 1999 FCCC: Farrar, Shaposhnikov 1994 Giudice, Hernandez, Orlof, Péne 1995 ▪we found a new CP-violating quantity, about 7 orders of magnitude larger than Jarlskog invariant: Konstandin, Prokopec & Schmidt, 2003 Wolfenstein parametrization of CKM matrix: Ex. PERTURBATIVE DECAY:  10 CP violation ~ Jarlskog determinant: cf. Jan Smit, SEWM2004 ~

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How to get a strong first order ew phase transition supersymmetry: MSSM Kajantie,Laine,Rummukainen,Shaposhnikov - color-breaking minima Bodeker, John, Laine, Schmidt, 1996 NB: i x squark mass critical temperature symmetric phase higgs phase  15 Recipe: add additional heavy scalars and fermions, i.e. which strongly couple to the Higgs sector -contains additional Higgs doublet and squarks (a light stop with a mass ) color-phase - NMSSM models: one additional Higgs singlet, or several singlets Kang, Langacker, Li, Liu, 2004 Huber, Schmidt, 2000 ~

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CHARGINO BARYOGENESIS IN MSSM NB: used semiclassical method (WKB) and helicity (NOT spin) states -observed baryon number in these units ≈ 8 Cline,Joyce,Kainulainen 2000, 2001 -µ,m2: soft SUSY breaking parameters (determine chargino masses & CP ) -yellow shaded regions excluded by LEP limit on chargino mass: ⁄ 25

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CHARGINO BARYOGENESIS IN MSSM (2) -plot produced baryon number in units of ~0.7x the observed value Carena, Quirós, Seco, Wagner 2000, 2002 -get baryon asymmetry about 10 times larger than Cline et al. 2001 NB: THERE EXISTED A CONTROVERSY AS TO WHETHER THE SOURCE CONTRIBUTES AT FIRST (Carena et al) OR AT SECOND ORDER IN GRADIENTS (semiclassical force) IN KINETIC TRANSPORT EQUATION 26

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CHARGINO BARYOGENESIS IN MSSM (4) Konstandin, Prokopec, Schmidt, hep-ph/0505103 (2005) Baryon asymmetry from charginos plotted as where 28 Where is the observed baryon-to-entropy ratio WMAP result (CMBR)

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CHARGINO BARYOGENESIS IN MSSM (3) By solving the kinetic equation for mixing fermions, we calculate CP-violating sources appearing both at first and second order in gradients in kinetic transport equation. WE FIND THAT TYPICALLY THE FIRST ORDER SOURCES DOMINATE. Konstandin, Prokopec, Schmidt, hep-ph/0410135 (2004) E.g. for R-handed fermions (in presence of a planar wall): 27