AMOL PAWAR PAWER POWER POINT

INTRODUCTION : 

INTRODUCTION Ultrasound is simply sound pitched above human hearing. It is also called “Sonochemistry”. Ultrasound can produce as high as those on the surface of the sun and pressure as great as those at the bottom of the ocean. In some cases, it can also increase chemical reactivities by nearly a millionfold.

pRINCIPLE : 

pRINCIPLE Sound, Ultrasound, and Cavitation Acoustic Cavitation The formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in a liquid. Cavity growth depends on the intensity of the sound. Rectified diffusion.

Types of cavitation : 

Types of cavitation Stable Cavitation The bubbles oscillate around their equilibrium position over several refraction/compression cycles. Transient Cavitation the bubbles grow over one (sometimes two or three) acoustic cycles to double their initial size and finally collapse violently.

rectified diffusion : 

rectified diffusion Cavity will oscillate in size over many expansion and compression cycles. During such oscillations the amount of gas or vapor that diffuses in or out of the cavity depends on the surface area, which is slightly larger during expansion than during compression.

CAVITATION : 

CAVITATION Liquids irradiated with ultrasound can produce bubbles. These bubbles oscillate, growing a little more during the expansion phase of the sound wave than they shrink during the compression phase. Under the proper conditions these bubbles can undergo a violent collapse, which generates very high pressures and temperatures. This process is called Cavitation.

The Sonochemical Hot-Spot : 

The Sonochemical Hot-Spot Compression of a gas generates heat. The mechanical energy of pumping is converted into heat as the tire is pressurized. The source of homogeneous sonochemistry. Cavitation convert the diffuse energy of sound into a chemically useful form. Sonoluminescence Measure of the temperature of the high-energy species produced during cavitation.

Effects of Ultrasound Chemistry : 

Effects of Ultrasound Chemistry A) Physical Effects B) Chemical Effects 1) Radical effects 2) Mechanical effects 3) Effect on electrochemical processes

Aplication Ultrasound Chemistry in Materials and Life Sciences : 

Aplication Ultrasound Chemistry in Materials and Life Sciences A)Applications in Chemistry Decrease of reaction time and/or increase of yield. Use of less forcing conditions e.g. lower reaction temperature. Possible switching of reaction pathway. Use of less or avoidance of phase transfer catalysts. Degassing forces reactions with gaseous products. Use of crude or technical reagents. Activation of metals and solids. Reduction of any induction period. Enhancement of the reactivity of reagents or catalysts. Generation of useful reactive species.

Applications in Materials Science : 

Applications in Materials Science Generation of activated metals by sonication. Sonolysis of organic pollutants in water . Ultrasonic plastic and metal welding, machining, ultrasonic soldering. Sonocleaning. Ultrasound food technology

Ultrasound in Life Sciences and Medicine : 

Ultrasound in Life Sciences and Medicine Sonophoresis Ultrasonic imaging. Ultrasound NMR. Diagnostic Ultrasound. Dental Scaling and Ultrasonic Nebulizers in medical therapy. Enzyme activation.

Sonoluminescence : 

Sonoluminescence Types Single-bubble Sonoluminescence Multi-bubble Sonoluminescence

EXTRACTION OF RAW MATERIALS                 FROM PLANTS : 

EXTRACTION OF RAW MATERIALS                 FROM PLANTS Examples: The extraction of Rutin from Sophora Japonica using ultrasound. The effect of various parameters and techniques on the efficiency of extraction of antioxidant materials from the herb Rosmarinus Officinalis. Extraction and analysis of anti-inflammatory agents from blueberries. Improved Extraction of Antioxidants and Flavonoids from Natural Materials.

APPLICATION IN POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : 

APPLICATION IN POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Power ultrasound in polymer technology Treatment of polymers Treatment of plastics Molecular weight reduction Welding Enhanced radical polymerisation Reduction in Viscosity in Molding Copolymerisation Mixing of additives Encapsulation Surface treatment

Therapeutic Ultrasound : 

Therapeutic Ultrasound Sonography (frequency around 5MHz) Soon-Dynamic Therapy (SDT) Physiotherapists use ultrasound at frequencies of between 1 and 3 MHz to treat muscle injury. Drug delivery system Antibiotics Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Protein drug molecules

BIBILOGRAPHY : 

BIBILOGRAPHY “The effect of ultrasound on the encapsulation of titanium dioxide pigment”, J.P.Lorimer, T.J.Mason and D.Kershaw, Colloid and Polymer Science, 1991,269, 392-397. “Ultrasound in Synthetic Organic Chemistry”, T.J.Mason, Chemical Society Reviews, 26, 1997, 443-451. “Sonochemistry”, T.J.Mason and P Cintas, Handbook of Green Chemistry and Technology, ed J.Clark and D.Macquarrie, 372-396. “Practical Considerations for Process Optimisation”, T.J.Mason and E.Cordemans de Meulenaer, Synthetic Organic Sonochemistry, 1998, 301-328.

THANK YOU : 

THANK YOU