EDPE 01A

Philosophy of Educational Research : 

PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 Philosophy of Educational Research EDPE 01A BY Mrs NN MBATHA

What is Philosophy? : 

PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 What is Philosophy? The word Philosophy is derived from the classical Greek terms ‘philen’ (love of) and ‘sophia’ (wisdom). This leads us to our first definition, which holds that : “the discipline of Philosophy involves the search of wisdom in general.” Barrow(1983:95) holds that “Philosophy is the study of the truth or the principles underlying all knowledge, or a study of most general causes and principles of the universe, or system of values for guiding life”.

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PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 PH PHILOSOPHICAL PROCESS

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PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 The subject matter of Philosophy is truth, reality and values, and it deals with concepts such as aims, objectives, purposes, outcomes, criteria, principles, assumptions and hypothesis.

What Philosophy is not. : 

PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 What Philosophy is not. Philosophy is not a set of beliefs, nor some quasi- religious poetic or mystical set of ideas Barrow (1983:85) holds that concepts are based on sound scholarship which, in turn is based on knowledge of basic beliefs. However belief is not necessarily a truth, and doesn’t comprise a philosophy.

Significance of philosophy. : 

PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 Significance of philosophy. Philosophic principles underlie all knowledge and experience. Philosophy through its process enables us to critically examine and explain the fundamental nature and significance of a specific discipline. It is a method of inquiry, related to all academic discipline. Philosophic process enables the advancement of research in education

Fields of study in Philosophy : 

PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 Fields of study in Philosophy 1. Logic Logic is the study of the structure and principles of reasoning, or sound argument. It is the methodologic science which explains the means or manner by which ideas relate to others, and essentially deals with the methods of induction and deduction. Induction : It is a method of reasoning by which general law of principles is inferred from observed particular instances. Deduction : makes inferences from general to particular. 2. Metaphysics Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that investigates principles of reality transcending those of any particular science, traditionally, cosmology and ontology. It is also concerned with explaining the ultimate nature of being and the world. 3.Epistemology Epistemology or theory of knowledge is a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. Much of the debate in this field has focused on analyzing the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief, and justification. It also deals with the means of production of knowledge, as well as skepticism about different knowledge claims. In other words, epistemology primarily addresses the following questions: "What is knowledge?", "How is knowledge acquired?", and "What do people know?"

What is research? : 

PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 What is research? Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions or it is a scientific way of attaining the truth. It is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting data (information) in order to increase our understanding of phenomena about which we are interested or concerned (Leedy & Ormorod, 1998:2). Research has 6 steps in its process

Research Process : 

PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 Research Process The following are phases involved in the research process. Selection of general problem. Review the literature on the problem. Select the specific research problem, question or hypothesis. Data collection. Analyze and present data or provide integrative diagrams. Interpret the findings and state conclusions or generalizations regarding the problem These steps should be logical and sequential when conducting research.

Educational research : 

PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 Educational research It is the research which investigates the behavior of pupils, students, teachers, and other participants in schools and other educational institution? .Behavior is often investigated by examining work products such as documents and tests. It is also a systematic controlled empirical investigation of educational problems

Functions of Educational Research : 

PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 Functions of Educational Research To provides answers to practical educational problems To assess educational problems, practices and materials To build up a body of facts, guidelines and to provide adequate theory about educational phenomenon A critical and careful search for facts and principles about educand.

Characteristics of Educational Research : 

PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 Characteristics of Educational Research It pre-supposes a definite point of departure and view of life It is noted in the reality of educational didactic situation. An attempt to study an existing reality It is systematic and logical It is replicable

Types of Research : 

PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 Types of Research Basic Research / Qualitative research / Non-experimental Applied Research / Quantitative research / Experimental

Research hypothesis : 

PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 Research hypothesis According to Van Dalen (1966:130) a hypothesis may be viewed as possible explanation or solution for a condition or an event. This is a tentative answer toward a research question or it is a guess statement without evidence Types of hypothesis Research hypothesis (H1) Statistical hypothesis

REFERENCING : 

PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 REFERENCING What is referencing Referencing is a standardized method of acknowledging sources and ideas that you have used in any assignment, proposal, dissertation, report and document. Referencing is necessary for the following reasons: To avoid plagiarism To enables the reader to verify quotations and Enable the reader to follow-up and analyze the cited author’s argument.

5.2 Reference techniques : 

PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 5.2 Reference techniques There are three reasons for using internationally accepted standards to refer to other people’s work. These are: intellectual integrity; precision and clarity. There are also three methods for writing references in the text. The most important point is that if any method is adopted, it should be used consistently throughout a given assignment or research report.

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PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 References in the text can be made by means of reference Marks (e.g. Arabic numerals of any conventional sign like an asterisk). These reference marks draw the attention of the reader to footnotes or endnotes, with a list of sources, often arranged alphabetically by author’s name, at the end of the assignment or chapter.

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PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 . Reference in the text can also be made by means of author’s name, year of publication and relevant pagination in the cited work to a list of sources, arranged alphabetically by author’s name at the end of the chapter or assignment. This is called Harvard system.

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PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 . References in the text can also be made by means of author’s name number of work cited, and number of relevant pages in the cited work, to a numbered list of sources, arranged alphabetically by author’s name, at the end of the chapter or assignment. This if called augmented Harvard system.

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PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 . For the sake of simplicity and uniformity of standards, preference is made of the Harvard system.

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PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 5.1 5.2.1 i) A quotation within a quotation is indicated by single marks Deliberate omissions of words, lines or sentences etc are indicated by leader dots. If two author’s have same surnames but are responsible for direct publications, use their initials to make distinction e.g. it has been shown that learning problems are common among primary school pupils (G.S. Botha, 1995). A recent study (J.E. Botha, 1995)

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PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 . Several publications by the same author are distinguished from one another by the lowercase alphabets after the year of publication e.g. Donald and Hlongwane (1999a) demonstrated that- Donald and Hlongwane (1999a) stated that…….. If a publication has two authors cite both names every time you refer to the work. Link the author’s names by and if their names form part of a sentence, but use an ampersand if the names appear in brackets, or in a table, or in the reference list e.g. Jones and Smith (2001) showed that……. A recent study (Jones & Smith, 2001) revealed that………

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PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 . When a publication has three to six authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations include only the surname of the first author followed by et al., e.g Brown, Muller, Spearman, White and Smith (2000) found that…….. Brown et al., (2000) discovered that If there are more than six authors, cite only the first name followed by et al., throughout NB. Et al is not use in the reference list. The names of some corporate authors must spelled out as follow: Durban Mental Health Society (2004) in subsequent text citations use abbreviations e.g. DMHS (2004)

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PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 . Always cite page numbers for direct quotations. A quotation of about thirty words is regarded as a short quotation and must be enclosed in single quotation marks. Longer quotation must be set off from the text in a free-standing block, indented four spaces. Please note that no quotation marks are used for such long quotations. Type quotation in double spacing like the rest of the manuscript.

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PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009

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PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009

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PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 Reference List Work referred to in the text should be listed in full at the end of the article or assignment in alphabetically order. A reference list indicates work/ publications that are specifically support an article i.e. to which reference was made in the text. In contrast bibliography cites works or publications for background information or for further reading. The reference list is given at the end of the assignment or chapter, books, thesis, dissertation, or any research report. Write reference as follows:

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PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009 . . REFERENCE TO BOOKS The author’s surname, followed by the title a comma, and his/her initials In brackets the year of publication followed by the full stop.. The title of the publication underlined and a full stop at the end. Capitalize the initial letter of the first word of the title. The edition, if not the first followed by full stop. Place of publication then colon and the publishers full stop.

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PESENTED BY MRS NN MBATHA EDPE 01A 2009